Oligopoly and monopoly Essay Example for Free

Oligopoly and monopoly EssayAn oligopoly is an intermediate market structure between the extremes of perfect competition and monopoly. Oligopoly strongs index compete (noncooperative oligopoly) or cooperate (cooperative oligopoly) in the marketplace. Whereas firms in an oligopoly ar price makers, their control over the price is determined by the level of coordination among them. The distinguishing characteristic of an oligopoly is that in that location are a few mutually interdependent firms that produce either identical products (homogeneous oligopoly) or heterogeneous products (differentiated oligopoly).Mutual interdependence means that firms realize the effects of their actions on rivals and the reactions much(prenominal) actions are apparent to elicit. For instance, a mutually interdependent firm realizes that its price drops are more likely to be matched by rivals than its price increases. This implies that an oligopolist, especially in the case of a homogeneous olig opoly, will try to maintain current prices, since price changes in either direction can be harmful, or at least nonbeneficial.Consequently, there is a kink in the demand curve because there are asymmetric responses to a firms price increases and to its price decreases that is, rivals match price falls scarcely not price increases. This leads to sticky prices, such that prices in an oligopoly turn out to be more stable than those in monopoly or in competition that is, they do not change every time costs change. On the flip side, the sticky-price explanation (formally, the kinked demand model of oligopoly) has the world-shaking drawback of not doing a very respectable job of explaining how the initial price, which eventually turns out to be sticky, is arrived at.Airline markets and automobile markets are prime examples of oligopolies. We see that as the new auto model family gets under way in the fall, one car manufacturers reduced financing rates are quickly matched by the other firms because of recognized mutual interdependence. Airlines withal match rivals fares on competing routes. In oligopolies, entry of new firms is difficult because of entry barriers. These entry barriers may be structural (natural), such as economies of scale, or artificial, such as limited licenses issued by government.Firms in an oligopoly, known as oligopolists, ingest prices and output to maximize profits. However, firms could compete along other dimensions as well, such as ad, location, research and development (RD) and so forth. For instance, a firms research or advertising strategies are influenced by what its rivals are doing. When one restaurant advertises that it will accept rivals coupons, others are compelled to follow suit. The rivals responses in an oligopoly can be modeled in the form of reaction functions.Sophisticated firms anticipating rivals behavior might appear to act in plan (conscious parallelism) without any explicit agreement to do so. Such instances pos e problems for antitrust regulators. Mutually interdependent firms sustain a tendency to form cartels, enabling them to set up price and quantity actions to increase profits. Besides facing legal obstacles, cartels are difficult to sustain because of free-rider problems. Shared monopolies are extreme cases of cartels that include all the firms in the industry.Given that mutual interdependence can exist along many dimensions, there is no single model of oligopoly. Rather, there are numerous models base on different behavior, ranging from the naive Cournot models to more sophisticated models of game theory. An equilibrium concept that incorporates mutual interdependence was proposed by John Nash and is referred to as Nash equilibrium. In a Nash equilibrium, firms decisions (i. e. , price-quantity choices) are their best responses, given what their rivals are doing. For example, McDonalds charges $2.99 for a Value Meal based on what Burger King and Wendys are charging for a similar calling card item. McDonalds would reconsider its pricing if its rivals were to change their prices. The level of information that firms have has a major influence on their behavior in an oligopoly. For instance, when mutually interdependent firms have asymmetric information and are unable to make credible commitments regarding their behavior, a prisoners dilemma type of situation arises where the Nash equilibrium might include choices that are suboptimal.For instance, mortal firms in a cartel have an incentive to cheat on the previously agreed-upon price-output levels. Since cartel members have nonbinding commitments on limiting production levels and maintaining prices, this results in far-flung cheating, which in turn leads to an eventual breakdown of the cartel. Therefore, while all firms in the cartel could benefit by cooperating, lack of credible commitments results in cheating universe a Nash equilibrium strategya strategy that is suboptimal from the individual firms standp oint.Models of oligopoly could be static or dynamic depending upon whether firms take intertemporal decisions into account. Significant models of oligopoly include Cournot, Bertrand, and Stackelberg. Cournot oligopoly is the simplest model of oligopoly in that firms are assumed to be naive when they think that their actions will not generate any reaction from the rivals. In other words, according to the Cournot model, rival firms choose not to alter their production levels when one firm chooses a different output level. Cournot thus focuses on quantity competition rather than price competition. plot of ground the naive behavior suggested by Cournot might seem plausible in a static setting, it is hard to image real-world firms not learning from their mistakes over time. The Bertrand models significant difference from the Cournot model is that it assumes that firms choose (set) prices rather than quantities. The Stackelberg model deals with the scenario in which there is a leader firm in the market whose actions are imitated by a number of follower firms. The leader is sophisticated in terms of taking into account rivals reactions, while the followers are naive, as in the Cournot model.The leader might emerge in a market because of a number of factors, such as historical precedence, size, reputation, innovation, information, and so forth. Examples of Stackelberg leadership include markets where one dominant firm dictates the terms, usually through price leadership. Under price leadership, the leader firms pricing decisions are consistently followed by rival firms. Since oligopolies come in various forms, the operation of such markets also varies a great deal. In general, the oligopoly price is below the monopoly price but above the competitive price.The oligopoly output, in turn, is larger than that of a monopolizer but falls short of what a competitive market would supply. Some oligopoly markets are competitive, leading to few welfare distortions, while other oligopolies are monopolistic, resulting in dead weight losses. Furthermore, some oligopolies are more innovative than others. Whereas the price-quantity rankings of oligopoly vis-a-vis other markets are relatively well established, how oligopoly fares with regard to R and D and advertising is less clear.

Miss Evers’ Boys portrays the emotional effects Essay Example for Free

overtop Evers Boys portrays the emotional effects EssayMiss Evers Boys portrays the emotional effects of superstar of the or so amoral instances of governmental experimentation on humans ever perpetrated. It depicts the governments involvement in research targeting a group of African the Statesn males (The Tuskegee look into), while simultaneously exploring the depths of human tragedy and suffering that result, as seen through the eyes of Eunice Evers.The viewer watches as a seemingly innocuous program progresses into a full-blown ethical catastropheall the while taking Miss Evers through a moral journey, with her decisions having ramifications on the life and well-being of her best friendsher boys. I. anatomical structure This exposure deals with the ethical considerations present in human experimentation. The government, wanting to mimic the Oslo Experiments, intends to study a population of AfricanAmericans inflicted with syphilis.The movie takes place in turn over se ttings, transitioning between a 1973 Senatorial hearing and the site of the actual study in Alabama, beginning in 1932 and moving forward. Miss Eunice Evers, a nurse at a local Tuskegee hospital, is the centerpiece of the movie. II. Setting Plot Summary With an ominous lead-in quote, Miss Evers Boys begins to tell the tale of an emotionally courageous young woman and her struggle to protect her children. Within the first few framesof the movie, the viewer is automatically entrenched into the already tenuous history of racial tension in Americaexcept, this time, under the auspices of segregation founded upon disease.The movie begins, placing the viewer as an observer of a 1973 U. S. Senate Hearing, where we are first introduced to Miss Eunice Evers. Miss Evers is testifying as a nurse, unity who took the nurses oath to protect the health of those in her care. The claimed Senatorial goal is to discover the truth underlying the Tuskegee Study. Miss Evers worked in the study from 1 9321972.The movie progresses throughout the course of the hearing, with testimony by Miss Evers and reminiscent scenes telling the tale of the study. In the beginning, Miss Evers firmly fight downs the goal of the initial planto take into account care and treatment to those suffering from syphilis. It was the dawn of a new day, exempts Miss Evers. At this point (pre-study), she believes that the government is sending her patients, and her city, the best financing and medical countenance available. The viewer is then introduced to Miss Evers Boysa folk music group.1 The musicians (four of them) are the first patients to provide blood samples, one of them being Caleb, an eventual love-interest of Miss Evers. Each of the men test positive for syphilis. At this point in the movie, everyone (including Miss Evers) is still under that assumption that bad blood is the culprit for the disease. Ultimately, the funding for the initial study disintegrates. After a visit to Washington, vari ous gentlemen confront Dr. Brodus, the head doctor in Tuskegee, with an offer for a new rationale for funding.The gentlemen explain their intentions of studying the African-American population, much like the Caucasian population in the Oslo Experiments (1891-1910). The government then reveals the true nature of the experimentthe proposed study of untreated African-Americans dealing with syphilis. 1 The government promises future treatment and The group names their band after Miss Evers when she drives them to their first musical show. 2 proclaims the future latent of the Tuskegee Experiment, appealing to Dr. Brodus pride. Dr.Brodus agrees, naming the study, The Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in The Negro Male. 412 men, afflicted with syphilis, participate in the study. In a telling interaction involving one of the first patients, Miss Evers suggests that the doctors explain to the study group that they are providing back shots. Through her deceit, Miss Evers thus begins to i nvolve herself in the treatment. The tension she feels manifests itself in her facial nerve features the viewer can see her apprehension in this instance and throughout the movie.She is torn, but yet continues to help Dr. Brodus conduct the study. As 6-months turns into years, Miss Evers continues to hide the mystical behind the study. She urges the men to continue the study, in hope of future treatmenttreatment that never comes, even through the eventual availability of penicillin. Miss Evers last-ditch decision as to how she deals with the care and treatment of her boys will be left to the viewer. With the journey, however, comes a tumultuous story, exposing the hypocrisy of the United States Government through the eyes of Eunice Evers.throughout the movie, as an audience, we want Miss Evers to defy all conventions and simply provide the necessary medicine to the patients. Yet, she struggles throughout with the pros and cons of such a decision. On one hand, she wants to suppor t the experiment yet, on the other, she wants to protect and comfort her friends. As we finally see in the end, as seen through Miss Evers unique perspective, while one may question Miss Evers, it is the Senators themselves, and the government agents before them, who prove to be more worthy of moral appraisal. III.

A Streetcar Named Desire | Blanche And Stella Analysis

A aerial tramway Named commit Blanche And Stella AnalysisTennessee Williams was Americas most polemic good turnwright. He was marked by his troubled private life and was constantly struggling with his own self-doubts. Nevertheless he was the dramatist, who produced some of the most compelling kit and boodle for the American theatre. In 1947 Tennessee Williams set new standards for American drama with his masterpiece A Streetcar Named Desire. The play opened on December 3, 1947, and was received with big acclaim. Neither the theatre audience at the premiere evening, nor the audiences at the other 844 performances, which the play gave on Broadway, were disappointed and made A Streetcar Named Desire Williams countenance success on Broadway after his triumph with The Glass Menagerie.1Down to the present day A Streetcar Named Desire has non lost its enormous fame and fascination. A reason for the perpetual popularity of the play is probably the fact that Williams is the only Amer ican playwright, who is able to analyze women with such subtlety and compassion2. Hence, critics such as genus Felicia Hardison Londr denote Tennessee Williams A Streetcar Named Desire also as a lyrical drama approximately the dec kris and fall of Blanche DuBois3. With this statement Londr emphasizes that both, the character as well as the inner development of Blanche Dubois, are the focus of attention in Williams play. However, in my way of thinking, it is not only crucial to examine the Blanches character in detail, but also to study the character of the plays second feminine protagonist Stella, Blanches sister, more closely.Hence, the aim of this seminar melodic theme is to compare and contrast the characters of the two sisters. At the beginning of the paper the authors biographical context and the bibliographical muniment of A Streetcar Named Desire are discussed. In nightclub to lay the foundations for a detailed characterization of the two female protagonists, chapter two contains a draft summary of the plays plot, focussing on the internal developments of Blanche and Stella. Afterwards, a detailed analysis of Blanches and Stellas character follows. Finally, the most important findings are briefly summed up in the conclusion.2. Tennessee Williams and his masterpiece A Streetcar Named DesireIn order to be able to fully grasp the meaning of Tennessee Williams celebrated play A Streetcar Named Desire, it is absolutely necessary to take the authors biographical context as well as the works bibliographical tarradiddle into account. biographical contextLike in several(prenominal) of his other plays, also the plot of A Streetcar Named Desire was strongly influenced by Williams own biographical background. Tennessee Williams himself verbalize once that A Streetcar Named Desire was his favourite play since it said everything I had to say4.Williams never concealed that his works reflect his own history and even welcomed comparisons amidst his own life and the characters in A Streetcar Named Desire. In a controversial interview with Robert Jennings he explicitly compared himself with his character Blanche DuBois I can completely identify with Blanche we are both hysterics. Many critics, such as Nancy Tischler, Roger Asselineau, or Kenneth Holditch, asserted that there are several other think between Blanche and Williams. In a letter to his agent Audrey Wood he wrote the following sentence, which again stresses his strong identification with the dramatis personae of his play I was and still am Blanche but I have a Stanley in me, too.5Nevertheless, the connections between Blanche and Tennessee Williams are not always uncomplicated.In contrast to Tischler, Asselineau and Holditsch, other critics regard the relationship between Blanche and Stanley as a reflection of the contours of Williams life. They claim that Blanche and Stanley represent divisions of Williams own complex life and personality. Yet studies conducted by John Clum, Ma rk Lilly and David Savran arrive at other conclusion. All three see Blanche and Stanley as a projection of Tennessee Williams homoerotic desires. Clum, for instance, says that the actions of his heterosexual female character Blanche hide a homosexual subtext.6Bibliographical historySimilar to other of Williams plays the plot of A Streetcar Named Desire evolved over several years.7Tennessee Williams drew, for instance, much of his inspiration from his life in the French Quarter of naked as a jaybird Orleans. During his time in New Orleans he lived on Royal Street. Two streetcars where running down the street. One of the two streetcars was named Desire.8Accordingly the title of Williams play is among other things an illusion to this particular streetcar.In the early 1940s he outlined the story line as well as his idea for a film version in a letter to his agent Audrey Wood. In this prototypical draft of A Streetcar Named Desire, the play was a one-act drama.9The story line was main ly based upon a scene which he had written earlier.The plot was murky, but I seem to see a woman sitting in a chair, waiting in vain for something. Maybe love. Moon rays were streaming through the window and that suggested lunacy. I wrote the scene and titled it Blaches Chair in the Moon.10In the destroy, Tennessee Williams had written twelve different drafts for A Streetcar Named Desire. Each of his drafts had a different title, such as The Poker Night or The Moth, and was commencement set in Chicago, then in Atlanta and finally in New Orleans.Due to the influence of Elia Kazan, an influential Greek-American director, who staged the play and order the film version of A Streetcar named Desire, Williams revised his work several times through and after its production, which had a considerable effect on the handwriting of A Streetcar Named Desire. By changing the characters nationality as well as their conception and motivation he transformed the play from a romance to a tragedy. plot of land writing, Williams had to grapple two major problems firstly, the relationship between Blanche and Stanley, and secondly, the varying degrees and onset of Blaches madness.11Furthermore, four early one-act plays, which were written around 1945, had an impact on A Streetcar named Desire. The first one of these plays is This Property is Condemned, a play focusing on a young girls desires to be involve her dead sister, who was a prostitute. The second play, entitled Portrait of a Madonna, chronicles the story of an old maid sent to an asylum after hallucinating. In contrast to the first two plays, The Lady of Larkspur Lotion focuses on a faded southern belle, who had become a prostitute. Moreover, parallels can also be found in how-dye-do from Bertha, a play dealing with a dying prostitute begging her ex-lover to rescue her.In addition to the numerous different drafts of A Streetcar Named Desire, several different discrepancys of the play have been printed up to the pres ent day. For instance, there are substantial differences between the reading and the acting editions. Some differences can also be identified between the American and the English version. In the American version, for instance, the homosexuality of Blanches husband was censored. Another difference is the structure of the play. In the British edition the play is divided into three acts, whereas the play consists of eleven successive scenes in other editions.12The roles of Blanche DuBois and Stella Kowalski in the plot of A Streetcar Named DesireIn order to lay the foundations for the characterization of Blanche DuBois and Stella Kowalski, I would like to give a brief summary of the contents of Tennessee Williams play. Since the aim of this paper is to compare and contrast the characters of the two female protagonists, special attention has hereby been paid to the internal development of Blanche and Stella.In scene one Blanche, a faded southern belle, arrives at the home of her young sister Stella in a fairly run-down district of New Orleans. She is shocked about the circumstances in which Stella and her husband live and makes no transcendental of her disapproval. After a warm reunion of the two sisters, Blanche explains that she has taken time out from school, where she is teaching English, because of her upset mental state. Later she further admits that she has lost Belle Reve, their family solid ground in Mississippi. Although Belle Reve slipped through Blanches fingers, she reproaches Stella for not returning to her home to help her with the troubles. When Stanley returns with his friends from the bowling alley, he accepts Blanches presence however, the atmosphere between Blanche and Stanley is tense from the beginning.While Blanche is bathing the next day, Stella tells Stanley about the loss of Belle Reve. He immediately suspects Blanche of having swindled them about the reasons for the loss of the family estate. As a result of Stanleys mistrust the relat ionship between Stanley and Blanche becomes more problematic. The situation even becomes worse when Stanley starts inquiring Blanche about the circumstances for the loss of Belle Reve and by it he discovers a bundle of old love letters, which give notice (of) Blanches marriage to a young man, who finally died. Also Stanley discloses a secret and tells Blanche about Stellas pregnancy.In the next scene Stanley and his friends are contend poker, when Blanche and Stella return from an evening out together. One of them, Mitch, is very politely to Blanche and pays her compliments. Also Blanche notices that he is superior to the others13. In contrast to Mitch, Stanley, who has had already one too many, is not delighted about the appearance of the two women. The situation gets out of hand and Stanley beats pregnant wife. Blanche protectively rushes Stella upstairs, but Stanley begs his wife to return to him. In the end Stella, who is somehow attracted by his animal deportment, forgives h er husband and spends the night with him.As scene four opens, it is the following morning and Stella and Blanche are having a private discussion about Stanley. Blanche can obviously not understand why Stella was insane enough to come back in here after what had happened14and tries to persuade her sister to direct him. She tells her of a millionaire, a former admirer of hers, who surely would give them money to start a new life. Yet Stella makes clear that she is not willing to straggle her husband and embraces Stanley passionately in front of Blanche, when he sees him come in, to demonstrate her loyalty to him. However, both women do not know that Stanley overheard a good deal of what they said before.Over the course of the summer (scene five and six) it becomes clear that Blanche and Mitch have a deep affection for each other. Blanche event entrusts him with details about her brief marriage, which was overshadowed by her husbands homosexuality and his suicide after she had discov ered him in bed with another man. Meanwhile, Stanley makes inquiries about Blanches past and unmasks her distinguished behaviour as hypocrisy. He learns about her numerous one night stands and her affair with a seventeen-year-old boy, which led to her dismissal.Scene seven takes place at Blanches Birthday. Stanley, who is inclination to get rid of his sister-in-law, passes the gathered information on to Mitch, who does not longer wish to marry her since she is not clean enough to bring in the business firm with his mother15. Unlike Mitch, Stella is not impressed by her husbands story. At the beginning she is denying his reproaches but, as the list lengthens, she defends her sister by referring to her tragic marriage. The climate at Blanches birthday dinner (scene eight) is tense and miserable, because Mitch does not show up. The situation reaches its climax when Stanley presents Blanche with a bus ticket back to Laurel. Blanche is insulted and rushes out. At this endorsement Stel la feels her first labour pains and requests to be taken to hospital.Later the same evening (scene nine), Mitch drops by to confront Blanche with the rumours of her past. Finally, she admits her failures but immediately justifies her behaviour by explaining that her forlornness after her husbands death forced her to seek physical affection. After her confession Mitch, who is drunk, tries to rape her, but Blanche manages to kick him out of the apartment.In the accompanying scene Stanley returns fairly cheerful, but drunk, from hospital where Stella is still in labour. At home, he meets Blanche, who is drunk too. Her claim, that she has received a telegram from an oil magnate inviting her on a cruise, is her last attempt to escape into her world of illusions. First Stanley takes the situation with humour until she lies to him about what has happened between her and Mitch. Stanley becomes aggressive and rapes her. This act of violence results in Blanches absolute nervous breakdown. A lthough Blanche informs Stella that her husband has committed a crime, she decides not to leave him since she couldnt believe her story and go on living with Stanley16. At Stanleys request Blanche is admitted to a mental hospital some weeks later (scene eleven). The fact that she believes until the end that she is going on holiday with an admirer (who is actually the doctor) again emphasizes her shitty mental condition. Even though Stella is not completely convinced that it was the right decision to admit her sister to a mental home, she makes no attempt to save it.

Mainstream Media In Malaysia

Mainstream Media In MalaysiaThe mainstream media in Malaysia has continuously been perceived as a key pillar of change for the most of the government policies. Nowadays, media play a role as helping to widespread information content, news show coverage, ideas, whimsys, and entertainment to gigantic audiences. According to the definition, media is specify as a channel that able to transfer messages to reach broad audiences in term of mass communication.Furthermore an array of media is available such as print media, broadcast media, Internet and etc. Print media is a medium by exploitation printed materials to publish the information which is include newspaper, books, magazine, and broachers. In opposite, broadcast media is using electronic to send message that include devices of televisions, radio, CDs, and the other. Lastly, Internet also considered as one of the effective and latest technology that allows users to access to the web in anytime and anywhere you mint. Internet contains emails, webpages, blogs, art, video download and social networking that could reach globally and nationally.As such government moves to use the variety of media to spread 1Malaysia creation around the public and encourage Malaysia citizens to build a peaceful and harmony world. Advertisement is one of the effective ways in promoting, so government chooses to publish by dint of the advert that exert direct and indirect specify to increase the awargonness of Malaysia citizen. Besides, they sens also easily find out to the media content which is related to 1Malaysia concept in webpage, blogs, graphics and video as well. Government highlights the fundamental of 1 Malaysia concept by repeating the publicizing and audiences tend to remember the messages.The goal of 1 Malaysia concept is determination to achieve unity among different races, pietys, beliefs and culture. At the same time, government needs media to approach to citizens and communicate towards the concept of 1 Malaysia. The Malaysia Government has putting much endeavour in promoting the concept by using mainstream media such as playing patriotic songs and Rukun Negara through television and radio. During Merdeka day, newspapers have also published wide play of topic about political and our multi racial country. Those publish materials not only helps to strengthen our national unity, the audiences also affected by the media after they saw the slogans in advertising.As a conclusion, government use mainstream media as a stringy tool to encourage the acceptance of the concept by the citizens of Malaysia. 1 Malaysia concept can be strengthens and dedicate desired outcome.Discussion restrain effect theoryAccording to the Paradigm Shift, media were conceptualized as rarely have powerful and has direct influence towards the audiences. Media might have received effect, but it is indirect influence as audiences always been affected by the pack who surrounding them and vista leaders. T hey can be influenced by variety factors such as individual interpretation, personal status, environment, education and etc. Besides, Lazarsfeld and Hovland also argued that effect of media towards audiences is limited and they dis check over what implied in mass association theory. Lazarsfeld had developed a research study to measure the media influence and proof that media is powerless on shaping public opinion. And this theory is defined as Limited Effect Theory. It shows that there are minority of people were behaving vulnerable and tend to rely on mass media.Lazarsfeld and Hovland try to have better understanding towards media so they developed a media studies. They wish that media could be control well and use it in a proper way. But unfortunately, they realized that media were not as powerful as implied in mass society theory. Lazarsfeld considers in inductive approach which is start from empirical observation and develops a theory. From his research observation argued that if media is powerful, the propaganda is tend to reward and influences the voters candidate choice. And the results shows that majority of people are influences from others who surrounding them more than the media content.Thus, the gate keepers act as the opinion leaders that persuade and lead those opinion pursuit decision. They are the one who interpret the media information care panopticy and share their own view with the others. This also referred as two step flow. Based on this theory, opinion leaders own a characteristic such as active, aggressive, heavy media user and talkative which is usually tend to shape public opinion. In opposite, opinion followers are those who tend to follow.In conclusion, media is powerless in term on influence viewers opinion. For example, we are educated since we are young, so we are able to interpret the message from media and choose what to believe or not to believe. Media is lack powerful to convert viewers mind and beliefs as they got ability to dismember the media content, but not being vulnerable towards the manipulation of media and propaganda. Moreover, viewers also leave alone base on their own different interpretation and influences to select whether to cuss the media. Some of them might receive it differently, some of them might been influenced by their group membership as well.Opinion and viewsFrom my personal opinion, I am being inert for the usage of mainstream media to promote 1 Malaysia concept. Media is able to effect audiences but with limited influences. The influence that occurs is indirectly which is based on individual differences. Government publishes about the important of unity among racial through television, radio, newspaper or Internet, but viewers can choose to receive the information or reject the messages. Promoting 1 Malaysia concept is not only relies on mainstream media to achieve the desired outcome Malaysia government should have to consider individuals from different background, stat us, education and etc.Audiences have been educated since young, so they have held strong beliefs and certain mind set. Mass media is not so easily can change their attitude and behaviors in a short arrest of time. In fact, audiences are not vulnerable or just been force to receive the information from media. They can interpret and analyze, they will also get influenced through the interactive from the others as well. For example, they might receive the message from the 1 Malaysia advertising, but they are influenced by people who are surrounding them.Discussion 2 dispersal of InnovationIn another discussion, I will base on the diffusion of innovation theory which is explained how innovations are introduced and adopted by various communities. This theory was successfully developed by Everett M. Rogers and he extended the two step flow theory. There are 5 stages of info diffusion theory which is including innovators, ahead of time adopters, early majority, late majority and laggards .The adoption process usually begins from innovators. They are people who are knowledgeable well- educated and tends to be aware about certain information from mass media. In this situation, when government use mainstream media to promote about 1 Malaysia concept. Innovators are more aware about the message and interprets based on their own knowledge. They expose to the media content, and understand about the functioning of 1 Malaysia concept. Moreover, they also gained education information towards the advertising such as Rukun Negara or patriotic songs they will be behave more alert and remember the messages.Next, the innovation process will be adopted by a small group of people which is known as early adopters. They are the individual who are interested and try to seek for more details information after they saw the advertising. intimately of the time, people tend to follow when the early adopters adapt to the innovation. In such, early adopters will take some necessary action a fter they exposed to the 1Malaysia advertising or media content. They will try to increase the unity among different races by giving commitment, organizing open house activity or be more aggressive to participate in patriotic events.Besides that, early majority is located in the third stage of process. At the same time they also referred as an opinion leaders. Early majority usually observe and refer to the innovators decision than only make the last decision. They own a characteristic such as active, aggressive, talkative, credibility and etc, so people tend to follow and believe the decision made by early majority when they share their views and opinions. Additionally, early majority always play a role as encourage and influence people in decision making. Based on the 1 Malaysia concept, early majority tend to persuade the opinion followers to believe and accept the the 1 Malaysia concept t that published by Malaysia government. They have the ability to motivate the others and suc cessfully generate the desired objectivity of 1 Malaysia concept. For example, opinion leaders might encourage people to participate themselves in Malaysia patriotic events, and opinion followers will agree and follow his decision.During the fourth stage of innovation process, those opinion followers are tend to believe on the opinion leaders by giving full commitment. Opinion leaders will share their opinion, views, and past experiences to shape the public opinion. In this case, they are usually popular among the group, or an influential people. For example, opinion leaders convey the 1 Malaysia concept and sharing based on his own opinion. What he speck out is trustworthy and credibility, in such peoples are influenced by the opinion leaders and they will support and believe in his decision making.Lastly the end of the adoption process is the laggards. They also referred as the late majority. They can either be very traditional or more isolated in social system, as they not dare t o take the risk and believe the information which is publish in mass media. Compare to the others, they usually take much longer time to adopt innovation and make changes. Based on the usage of mainstream media to promote the 1 Malaysia concepts, they might be the last group of people that try to move on and make changes. For example, they just try to expose and participate themselves in Malaysia patriotic events while the others already joined for many times.http//1malaysia.com.my/my/news_archive/government-to-adopt-moderation-approach-to-promote-global-peace-najib/http//1malaysia.com.my/my/news_archive/najib-urges-media-to-help-promote-moderation/http//transfomasimalaysia.blogspot.com/2011/03/1malaysia-concept-cannot-be.htmlhttp//www.thefreedictionary.com/print+mediahttp//kifah-arifin.blogspot.com/2011/07/ways-to-strengthen-national-unity-among.htmlhttp//www.docstoc.com/docs/2216049/Limited-Effects-Theory-of-Mass-Communicationhttp//www.stanford.edu/class/symbsys205/Diffusion%20of% 20Innovations.htmhttp//www.des.ucdavis.edu/faculty/Richerson/BooksOnline/He19-95.pdfhttp//www.rogerclarke.com/SOS/InnDiff.html.Media manipulation often involves government or corporate propaganda and spin. Sometimes organizations and governments can feed fake news or politically or ideologically slanted stories to broadcasters which depict them as quality news items and journalism.In this way, the media can truly serve as a catalyst for development, he added.patriotic spirito more strongly emphasise national unity and in effect(p) governance. It is a principle that intends to guide and build a united and progressive nation. The concept is aimed at inculcating the spirit of togetherness and a sense of belonging among Malaysians, regardless of race, religion and creed.

Case Study: Application Architecture

Case Study Application ArchitectureBrian JerozalFor any given physical composition, it is vit altogethery important to endlessly ensure that the paysheet department department department musical arrangement is designed in such a way that overall effectiveness in enhanced. Traditionally, payroll systems were not quite intricate since employees were more or less few in number. However, the modern-day payroll systems defecate to take into consideration numerous aspects such as insurance cover, nominate allowances, bonuses, advance payments and the like. In plus to this, the world has experienced tremendous innovations in terms of cutting-edge expert advancements these technological innovations get hold of enabled organizations to streamline their payroll systems and thus enhance the standards of effectiveness. For this case study, a comprehensive analysis of the payroll system of a leading American firm will be done. Emphasis will be made upon the specific type of architec ture that should be used while establishing the peeled payroll system for the organization. The various technological platforms that shall be integrated into the reinvigorated payroll system will also be documented while also presenting a graphical illustration of the newly model. In addition to this, a comprehensive analysis of possible issues of ethical concern with regard to the new payroll system shall also be conducted.Considering the fact that this organization has a wide bea network that interlinks the numerous offices in different parts of the United States of America, it is of paramount immensity that the new payroll application system be based on a solid architectural manakin. Such an architectural framework essential consider all-important factors such as the avoidance of errors, tax write-off of info contained in inventories, evaluation of allowances, and integration of the prevailing evaluate of income tax. Following is an analysis of the specific components of the architecture for the new payroll system.As mentioned above, the payroll system of such a large organization should be based on a solid framework that considers all-important factors. Firstly, the architectural framework must have the capacity to evaluate the fine details pertaining to the payment of employees. The number of hours of work done by individual employees should be included in the new architectural framework this is one of the most critical aspects of any kind of payroll system (Bragg, 2004). The hours vary from one employee to another and as such, this results into pay variations even among employees who are categorized in the same job group. Apart from the number of hours, another important variable that must be included in the architectural framework for the new payroll program is the prevailing rates of tax or revenue deductions. On an annual basis, the Federal Government of United States of America reviews the rates of income tax in accordance with the specifi c budgetary projections. These rates must be taken into consideration while calculating the total pay of all employees and as such, the new architectural framework should have the same (Steinhoff, 2000).Another important variable that should be included in the design of the new payroll system is the labor data the nature of work done within an organization varies from one employee to another. This results into pay variations and as such, it must be included in the design of the new payroll system. The employee master file is another crucial aspect that must be taken into consideration while designing the new payroll system the master file provides all the fine details rough the employee including pending bonuses, increments and other miscellaneous info. Apart from the employee details, the architectural system of the new payroll program shall also include the relevant platforms for making precise calculations. Some organizations incur huge expenses every now and then as a result o f using payroll systems that are characterized by substandard levels of truth. In order to avoid such eventualities, the new payroll system should be conservatively designed in such a way that high levels of accuracy are attained while performing calculations. Finally, the architectural design should also have the capacity to provide an updated payroll without any kind of delay this will go a very long way towards helping the organization rid of unnecessary instances of time wastage (Bragg, 2004). As already mentioned in the introductory section of this paper, the extensive advancements in technology have made it possible to streamline the payroll systems in all kinds of organizations. In order to successfully implement the architectural system for the new payroll system as outlined above, it is of paramount importance to examine some of the most important technological components that shall be used. Firstly, internet connection will serve as an important element from a technolog ical point of view. This is because the organization has offices in different parts of the United States of America and as such, reliable connection is required (Steinhoff, 2000). Considering the expansive nature of United States landmass, it would be critically important to back-up the wide area network connection with high-speed fourth generation internet connectivity. In order to enhance the security of the data transfer from one office to another, unique internet protocol addresses must be used. All the IP addresses must be encrypted in accordance with the specifications provided by the main server in order to streamline communications while also enhancing the standards of security. Apart from internet connection, another important technological platform that must be integrated into the architectural framework of the new payroll system of the organization is the use of quality software applications (Bragg, 2004). There are numerous payroll software applications available in the United States and global market however, this fact notwithstanding, some are characterized by fundamental flaws such as the lack of accuracy and susceptibility to cyber-crime. One of the most effective payroll software for corporate organizations is the Dynamics GP. Produced by Microsoft Corporation, this software has the capacity to streamline the payroll systems within the organization since it has high levels of accuracy and also saves time. TRAVERSE by Open Systems is another software application that might come in very handy for the payroll system of this organization since it is characterized by high levels of effectiveness (Boroughs, 2008).Despite the fact that the new architecture for the payroll application in this organization would be characterized by high levels of efficiency, it is critically important to pinpoint the fact that there are several potential issues of ethical concern that might characterize its implementation (Boroughs, 2008). For instance, the new applica tion might contribute immensely towards the infringement of fundamental rights of the employees because of being too dependent on detail. The potential ethical issue can tog out in the connection with the new architecture for example reduced jobs,if the company uses the architecture method for the new payroll, then the employee might no longer be essential. Usually, the company has a department where it looks at the payroll of the employee, but with this system, most of the job will be done and handled by the computer. Fraud is another concern, the employee who knows about computer and networking can easily manipulate the information like changing the time sheet. Hacking is one of the most common problems in todays world. No matter how arrest the company system is, there are people who can back the system company. Putting their information in the web can be hacked and the information can be used against them. In addition to this, the fact that the computer systems of the organizat ion are connected with one another might result into the apocalypse of the payroll details of employees to unwanted parties. ReferencesBoroughs, A., Hunter, I., Palmer, L. (2008). HR Transformation Technology Delivering Systems to Support the New HR Model. New York, NY Routledge.Bragg, S. M., Bragg, S. M. (2004a). Creating a payroll department System. In Accounting for Payroll A Comprehensive Guide (pp. 3-15). John Wiley Sons, Inc.Bragg, S. M. (2004b). Setting Up the Payroll Department. In Accounting for Payroll A Comprehensive Guide (pp. 251-258). John Wiley Sons, Inc.Steinhoff, J. C. (2000). forgiving Resources and Payroll Systems Requirements (United States, Government Accountability Office). Retrieved from www.gao.gov/special.pubs/ai002123.pdf

Sony Playstation Vs Nintendo 64 :: essays research papers

In the last two years of 1995 and 1996, the video game world was taken into another gaming dimension. The releases of the Sony Playstation in September of 1995 and the Nintendo 64 in September of 1996 has given the gaming public an enormous boost of technological advances in the home entertainment system for the joint man. Sony and Nintendo soon became heated rivals as each company tries to out sell each other in the gaming marketplace. Eventhough the Sony Playstation and Nintendo 64 are two varied systems. They both have some similar qualities and some very notable dissimilaritys. First of all the most notable difference between the Sony Playstation and Nintendo 64 is the bear upon power. Most noteworthy is the fact that the Nintendo 64 is a 64-bit machine, while the Sony Playstation is only a 32-bit system. This means the Nintendo 64 can produce better graphics in a game, while the Sony Playstations graphics arent as good. The colors in the Nintendo 64s games are more vibrant, while the Playstations colors seem to be more dull. Another difference is in the price of each of the systems. The Nintendo 64 is a bit more pricey at $199.99 than the Sony Playstation at $149.99. The games for each of the system also plays at indispensable role in the gaming marketplace. Both of these systems has some advantages when it comes to games. The Sony Playstation is the favorite in this category, with over 170 games with many 3rd party developers in its extensive depository library of games. Obviously the Nintendo 64 has less games in its library, due to the fact that the Nintendo was released a year later. The Playstation specializes in the sports genre with many different sporting titles. Sports games such as Madden football 98, NHL98, NBA Live 98, and PGA Tour Golf 98. The Nintendo 64 specializes in the action/adventure genre with various different titles. With action/adventure games such as Turok the dinosaur hunter, Super Mario 64, Goldeneye, and Super Mario Cart 64. The prices of the games for the Nintendo system are very expensive compared to the Sony. A Nintendo game can range in price from $59.99 to $69.99 and a Sony game can cost between $39.99 and $49.99. Another difference between the Nintendo 64 and the Sony Playstation is the media in which the games are stored. The Nintendo uses cartridges to store its games while Sonys machine is CD-ROM based.

Effects of BackGround Music on Phonological Short-Term Memory Essay

Improving recall has been the goal of many scientific studies (Higbee, 2001 Lachman, Weaver, Bandura, Elliot, & Lewkowicz, 1992). As a result, a debate surfaced on the outmatch method to achieve this goal. This study chose to focus on only two methods, emotional state and emotionally arousing words. Ones emotional state or mood is important to consider when exploring holding, because mood affects ones recall of information (Happiness-Levine & Burgess, 1997 Thaut & lEtoile, 1993). Music, depending on the type, can help induce or heighten ones mood (Rickard, 2012). This is important because, music is apart of many of peoples daily lives. Students, especially, listen to music while they study a task that relies on ones memory. Beyond just exploring mood, this study wanted to look at what type of word is best remembered. Previous look into (Doerksen & Shimamura, 2001 LaBar & Phelps, 1998 Zimmerman & Kelley, 2010) found that people tend to recall and remember emotional words better th an neutral non-emotional words. Building upon these findings is important because, if certain types of words were confirmed as inherently memorable then these words would be powerful. They could be used as powerful tools for writing memorable speeches, lectures, and advertisements. Ones mood on the job(p) in conjunction with emotional words, could lead to effortless increase in ones own ability to recall information A upstart study by Ferguson and Sheldon (2013) looked at inducing verificatory emotional states in their participants using classical music. In their study, participants listened to either 12 minutes of an upbeat hedonically positive classical music piece or a slow hedonically ambiguous classical music piece. Their results showed that participant... ...ompany.LaBar, K. S., & Phelps, E. A. (1998). Arousal-mediated memory consolidation Role of the medial temporal lobe in humans. Psychological Science, 9(6), 490-493.Lachman, M. E., Weaver, S. L., Bandura, M., Elliot, E. , & Lewkowicz, C. J. (1992). Improving memory and control beliefs through cognitive restructuring and self-generated strategies. Journal of Gerontology, 47(5), P293-P299.Salam, P., & Baddeley, A. (1989). Effects of background music on phonological short-term memory. The every quarter Journal of Experimental Psychology, 41(1), 107-122.Thaut, M. H., & de lEtoile, S. K. (1993). The effects of music on mood state-dependent recall. Journal of Music Therapy, 30(2), 70-80.Zimmerman, C. A., & Kelley, C. M. (2010). Ill remember this Effects of emotionality on memory predictions versus memory performance. Journal of Memory and Language, 62(3), 240-253.