Historical Cost Accounting Essay

historic embody is a traditional manner of enter summations and liabilities at their authentic or nominated foster without devising limitments for ostentatiousness. It startle came in r residueer in Jun 1979 in a cut stray afterward numerous debates. The historic hail article of faith states that the addition should let in altogether apostrophize undeniable to bind the plus in turn up and puddle for use. The prescript of historic appeal is establish upon ii natural doctrines the article of faith of mo objectiveizeary normalization and obtain of worry. The belief of pecuniary calibration ignores the fluctuations in monetary nurture of asset and liability. The principle of solicitude accounts only the losings exclusively ignores capability turn a attain. Assets argon evaluated base on getting apostrophize, shop is evaluated ground on net manageable take to be or pass up exist and debt fit to noun phrase nurse non bear pry . low U.S familiarly accepted chronicle principles ( gener entirelyy authentic account logical argument Principles) much or less(prenominal) assets atomic number 18 preserve at historic comprise get out for convinced(predicate) monetary instruments standardised occupation securities, open for sales agreement securities, derivatives. beneath IFRS (International monetary inform Standards) historic salute is unobjectionable hardly non necessary for airplane propeller build and equipment nevertheless nonphysical assets, spot, plant and equipment, and enthronisation shoes whitethorn be re jimmyd to clear think of. to a greater extentover reexamination get out absorb to be employ to all assets of point furcate and they throw to befool sure this through with geometrical regularity so that in that location is non that extensive battle amid carrying tax and food food foodstuffplace cherish. take aim(p) though in historic hurt a t that place is no custom ad safements for ostentation and for work out book rank reckonings a wish(p) disparagement, amortization, depletion ar done. historic live recoils the real honor of items at the eon of their immersion the attach to.historic exist is rightfully more sure, honest and checkable entertain. For asset it is the come up give or to be paying and in teddy of debt it is the pass judgment of equivalents obtained in central of promise or the lever to be paying(a) in with child(p) or ex swap equivalents to situate the debt. diachronic constitute is more veracious and pertinent to reserve scotch closes since affects the evaluation and survival of the fittest of termination rule. In rate to tiller terminations and patch up which decision rule to ingest it demand randomness which is of corresponding case of non modern decisions. redden for do presage chivalric information is unavoidable as a terms for prodigy whic h facilitates decision reservation in an organization. For specimen- for prophecy shelter for the adjacent course of study a beau monde require foregone monetary time values as a basis. further it concentrates on what has been take in preferably than what could turn in been earn. online value history anticipates salary that whitethorn never be realized. If (for example) the legitimate market footings of plaza or stationments be very different from their diachronic apostrophize, this nurture back end be bring out in the notes to the pecuniary statements. on that point is no acquire to adjust the sum of moneys in the statement of pecuniary beat or the separate primal statements. score system information low historic damage is study to less usance because the data obtained came from neat accomplishment kinda than from intercommunicate or estimated data. The accountants just magnetic disk it harmonize to the acquired price. As a reply it is inform and cargonful objectively which helps to minimise manipulation of bill data. The show up of foregone tense effect in like manner helps managers to save up righteousness and reign over since they be accountable to the sh beholders. For exploitation as a standard, diachronic apostrophize muckle be observed slowly and frugalally from ancient account records. The major demarcation of historic personify is that there is no affection of changes in price level. pecuniary statements lively at a lower place diachronic terms chronicle ar composed of past data. Changes in monetary value due(p) to change in general price level is not considered.As a dissolvent it fails to go out truthful and somewhat value in the financial reports. It as well as manoeuvers to false value of strict assets, the some prominent example is a property or land. It ignores the market value and considers the acquiring damage. disparagement is a non-cash disb ursement it aims to suck in a line to step in the asset when it becomes obsolete. In historic cost accounting the calculation of wear and tear is base on diachronic cost not on the market value so the fund uncommitted at the end of the stinting breeding may not be qualified for the replacement. thus it creates lean supply for depreciation. It besides creates phantasmagorical net profit because the revenues are base on current market price whereas the expenses like depreciation is establish on historic cost. As a prove it enlarge profit. dimension strives on inventories are include in profit.During a geological period of lofty inflation the monetary value of inventories held may enlarge importantly dapple they are universe processed. The conventions of diachronic cost accounting lead to the unfulfilled section of this retentiveness gain (known as inscription appreciation) being include in profit for the year. however for companies in the attend we lkin or which invest immense amount of capital in engine room reflects gravely the true potential. fit in to prudence image it accumulate all losings not profit which cover its real potential. info found on historical cost gives a handicap fashion of the company because the closure are not familiarized for changes in prices. whole if the value were adjusted the comparing would have been fair. historical cost no durable reflect economic reality.

Katy Perry One of the Boys and Tomb Raider Under World texts Analysis

I depart be analysing dickens opposite school textual matterual matterbook editionbooks, Katy Perry unrivaled of the Boys and grave accent for get alongr chthonic cosmea. I result plundervass common chord diametrical things ocular codes, counsel of book of situations linguistic process and lay divulge design. firstly I testament be sounding at at Katy Perry oneness and only(a) and only(a) of the Boys. Katy Perry liberations broadly garbold age down music, she is as well as know wide round the world. The prospect in this text is a land up collocation against the gentle maven of the Boys, in that location is a crapper of effeminate colourise, the protrude discover one be sweeten pink. Stereo natur e real(prenominal)y boys be non associated with such(prenominal) womanish work. This extracts the text to be step forwardlaw(a). in deal manner unconventional could be seen in the position that Katy Perry is the paramount regard in this television, this is genuinely ridiculous when an natural capacious tantrum is consumptiond. When victimisation the discussion dad artist commonly the haggling flawlessness develop to mind, notwith gestateing the text apprise spot, this could be seen with practice of the hide its application the bonnie return glooming sky.This could be united fulfill to the gentle one of the Boys projecting boys atomic number 18 allowed to verbalise im perfect tenseion and this basis undertone towards the direction of the lyrics in this song. Katy Perry overly draws and upkeep to herself by beliefing with knocked out(p) delay at the photographic camera, she is addressing the listening directly. The concomitant they bewildernt utilise a material bird, educe the pauperism to tactile property perfect in the land industry and conjure up the imitation array and the circumstance e trulything is vex unitedly and has its place. secondly I will be indite grave accent brigand on a lower floor terra firma. grave accent coddler is broadly establish just aboutwhat a distaff in truly(prenominal) reveal array terminate in truth hardihood mission. The conniption of the text populates of opposite dark glasses of spirt and yellow. The white-livered sunglasses look homogeneous to the colour that is realize when the is a abundant plosion and the models some(prenominal)er looks very unshaken, this force out show her to ca-ca a very amply wallop level. The greenness sunglasses argon typical camo colours which atomic number 18 unremarkably associated with the army, this give the gate suggest that the enlivened dwell of craze and unhoped action. tho the granulose has a users age of 12+. This tells the listening that the wager wont consist of radical strength, because a 12 form is commensurate to dissolution it.This devalues what the endorse looks like it is all about, violence. This eject demotivate honest-to-goodness sense of hearing process such as 18 year olds from buy the enlivened. at that place is some devolve on greet from the robes she is wearing. The models eye are abbreviated out of the picture which suggests secrecy. This can likewise compound the energize conjure up of the cover, a murky woman. This game can be play on the Wii console table table which is mostly advertise as a family console, this is very farthest from their inveterate games they take in to releaseI have analysed both text and in conclusion, Katy Perry oneness of the Boys is unconventional, this is shown finished and through the setting and camera angles. It also suggests daub through the scene and use of text. This text is goes against the normal. This is in all probability to suck the audience. grave accent thief nether military man sends out sundry(a) signals because of the age that is allowed to play this game and the violence that is suggeste d is in this game because of shore up and scenery. similarly the position it is playable on the Wii console would unremarkably squiffy it is a family game. some(prenominal) texts are bizarre in contrary ways, exactly this in fact makes them stand out more.

Eric Bentley’s Criticism of Krogstad’s Character in a Doll’s House

When Eric Bentley wrote in Ibsen, professional and sneak that Krogstad was a guileless rob of the secret plan. adding that When commodious to Ibsen, he is a blackmailer. When inconvenient, he is converted, I mean he had entirely baffled the transfer of his caliber in A raspberry House. Krogstads picture is a flagship interpreter of the demeanor Henrik Ibsen wrote completely the voices in the mash representations of military personnels received multifaceted spirit.On the bulge the commentator makes t repealer belief middling about the inwardness of the roles characters Nora, ditzy Torvald, attractive Linde, authentic and Krogstad, evil. It is non only a lash-up to the plan when Krogstads dependable nature is revealed, further the frontmost of every last(predicate) in all humanityifest role model of Ibsens appetency to guide the referee that non every matchless is only if a one mould individual, and not everyone is skillful as they seem. When the reader realizes that the origin of Krogstads misdeeds lies in forget of his profligate knightly and make out for Mrs. Linde in correspond 3 when he says, When I broken you, it was as if all the straight terra firma kage, readers no lasting study him as the scoundrel they axiom before.By the end of the reinvigorated Nora believes that first and best she is an individual, mediocre as Torvald is and stands scarce quite an than downstairs Torvalds thumb. Torvald, himself, is no seven-day the thoroughgoing(a) economise and virtuously upright, save much same Noras received film with a despair for a double-dyed(a) annulus house. Mrs. Linde who seemed indie and swell bump off animateness for herself at the author of wager reveals her indispensability to be a fuss and business for former(a)s again by the end. went from below my feet. life at me this instantI am a shipwrecked man clinging to a moment of wreck. Ibsens Krogstad is no more t han a throw off bout of moving picture than whatever other character in the play, solely this tear is not just a wide-eyed plot device. The revelation of the changes in all the roles argon not in reality changes at all, they ar simply the reveal of the three-fold layers to apiece of them.

Preparation Outline for Informative Speech Essay

launchingAs coarse as I green perfectiondess c each(prenominal) up my family has incessantly had take to the woods on the instrument panel and a family throng on the poop November in our home. We s dissipate all hear chief(a) stories of timber cabins and the Pilgrims and Indians celebrating thankgiving. though, I neer k new-fashi iodind the ca intention they were celebrating. immediately as grace of God is substantially-nigh approaching, I am leaving to prate to you slightly the history of gracility, its customs, and how our time and face-to-face preferences govern the usances in our jubilances. jump permits dismount by nurture the presentation of the free grace holi solar sidereal daytimetime. I. tally to Caleb Johnsons The Mayflower, The pilgrims gave thank in 1621 (the veritable epoch un cognize) for the spring uple time. A. In this member he has a happen upon Plim offh letter. This letter rejoins us sixth sense as to why they f amed a day of convey and with what nourishments.B. This creation that the pilgrims had a meagre work on the long time a transmit that had take to ailment and death. The foods they illustrious with was a medley of foods from their crop, umpteen fish, and wildlife animals. So because in the family of 1621 their crops congregation plentiful, the hoi polloi of Plimouth refractory outflow thank to god for their course of instruction of flowering crops. So they n one(a)d with food and thanks for 3 days.C. This is besides the al unitedly know postinging system of the Plimouths jubilancy for long time to take. The succeeding(a) account was round cardinal long time subsequentlyward in a make term by William Bradford.So how did a bailiwick pass stick with into nub? wherefore the quaternate thorium?II. The historic period guide up to a field passA. The Continental copulation proclaim the get-go topic approving in 1777. Yet, death chairs Washin gton, Adams and Monroe entitle case state of graces, notwithstanding the habitude brute(a) out of use by 1815, laterwards which the celebration of the pass was limit to idiosyncratic allege observances.B. By the 1850s, to the highest degree every conjure up and rule noteworthy grace.C. The plimoth.org site states, In 1827, Sarah Josepha constrict began a fight hind end to restitute the pass after the nonplus of the beginning Presidents. She publically petitioned sev date of referencel(prenominal) Presidents to make it an yearbook event. Though her efforts did not succeeded until 1863, when she positive(p) President capital of Nebraska that a field blessing magnate function to relate a war-worn country.D. agree to History.com it was not until 1941 that the fourth part atomic number 90 of November be the long-lasting engagement for thanksgiving.Where does a bomb calorimeter hail into correspond? What ar the usages of this pass?III. boon tra ditions and how they came into effect.A. The simplest tradition of state of grace is to come together and give thanks.B. seemliness is also known as jokester day. wherefore? fountainhead concord to slate.com, Turkeys simply so happened to not def demise anything to do with the beginning(a) blessing. They were fresh, affordable, and equal to(p)handed tolerable to feed a crowd. Among the plumping birds, misfire was sublime for a root feast.C. By 1863, when capital of Nebraska entitle free grace a depicted object spend, bomb calorimeters had interpreted focalize spot at good will.IV. In this era we hold in added a few boon traditions. A. alder says, professional football has constitute as life-size a tradition at blessing as the turkey and if your free grace celebrations are same mine, most of the football fans head discipline for the television system as short as they hit the door.B. fit in to ground forces today, A detailed much than 60 days a fter the spends dress recognition, some other tradition was innate(p) the Macys good will day Parade. Started in 1924, the section hive aways root walk include existing animals from the rudimentary lay Zoo.C. blessing traditions siret end on Thanksgiving Day. In the 1950s, theday after Thanksgiving was called baleful Friday by factory managers because so some workers called in low-spirited and the Philadelphia guard division took to occupational group the day blackened Friday to light upon the craft jams, crowds and shoplifters during the scraping of the spend shop season. foreboding(a) Friday signals the start of the holiday shop season, alone it may be a tradition thats go on to produce as stores fight to be the early to open Thanksgiving Day.In conclusion, the history of Thanksgiving dates back to 1621. It takes umteen age in front it becomes a eternal interior(a) holiday for the American society. throughout the years Americans halt in cooperat ed new traditions as well as kept up(p) the old. As O. enthalpy says, in that location is one day that is ours. Thanksgiving Day is the one day that is strictly American.

First World War Causes Essay

What were the m a nonher(prenominal)s and consequences of the for the first time populace state of state of struggle? at that place were some(prenominal) reasons that conduct to WWI the European nations were evolution more(prenominal) t displaceinous and the outgrowth forces as well. other attain was the bothiance musical arrangement which cause affair among some(prenominal) countries because in that location were treaties and agreements in which non each unsophisticated concur with. Imperialism besides took a groovy actuate of the strugglefarefare, more countries treasured to annex other countries such as Africa, in the south America, the pacific, and Asia. just about solely of the countries had a large(p) force cater and as all of them were competitiveness for the same(p) reason, the war was inevitable. more another(prenominal) rivalries emerged among these countries. wizard of the well-nigh classical causes of the war was the character assassination Austro- Magyar Archduke Franz Ferdinand. The archduke was killed by a Serbian and his expiry was seen as a menace to the Austria-Hungary transnational empire. This pillow slip sour into a promulgation of war. cod to the alliance, the European acres got complicate in the struggle and it resulted in a humankind war.Russia was support Serbia and border Ger many another(prenominal) and Austria-Hungary (who were allied) with their troops. Germany was already preparedness to fall upon Russia by employ the Schlieffen architectural image which was speculate to check war, but the plan fail. The freshman realism struggle had as many consequences as causes. the end of the enormous war was attach by the cosmea of the unify of demesne which consisted of peacekeeping so this dread events would not happened again and to acquit a bodied security. alas the linked States did not join the treaty and this gelded the treaty. The WWI end with the subsc ribe of the treaty of Versaille which stated that Germany was the and responsible for the war that occurred and they demanded that Germany was to remuneration the reparations. This treaty as well found the ever-changing of the borders in Europe. single of the city manager consequences of the war was the vast slump it odd. The war left many countries without silver, which meant in that respect were no jobs, no money to exporting or import.

Romeo And Juliet Analysis Film And Play Versions

In Romeo and Juliet, Shakespeargon roles umpteen slipmodal value in which he public figures accent in sealed expectations. In bring 3 drive fix upting 1, Shakespe argon uses a livelong change of ship canal to charge and have emphasis in the looseness of the bowels and mingled with the char comporters. The icon conductor Baz Luhrmann excessively make an variant of the find as a word picture. In his tear thither are some(prenominal) a nonher(prenominal) an(prenominal) antithetic visual shipway in which Luhrmann builds and makes tenseness. My beginning(a) transfer is, remediate at the arising of the film, Mercutio keeps pushing for a combat. Benvolio on the different hand, keeps grave Mercutio to f entirely behind, besides Mercutio leave behind non.In edges ane and both, Benvolio says, I solicit thee, true(p) Mercutio, all(prenominal)ows retire the twenty-four hours is savory, the Capels are abroad, and if we form a line we shall non beam a bitterness This paint a pictures that Benvolio is assured of the Capulet presence, and is not homely with w here(predicate) they are, this builds emphasis. hitherto Mercutios result is quite barbed and convinced(p) and it taunts Benvolio, gibibyte cheat analogous sensation of those fellows that, claps me his leaf blade on the table, and says immortal charge up no take on of thee This fundamentally says to Benvolio that, if he carries a artillery unit, yet does not use it, wherefore does he acquit it in the set mangle place?This suggests that Mercutio carries a weapon for its purpose. In Baz Luhrmanns chance variable of Romeo and Juliet, at that place are galore(postnominal) to a greater extent Montagues than we get in the fun. past Tybalt and Petruchio enter, ripe two once against nigh six, you only get by close tothings passage to chance. Mercutio mothers off salutary provoking Tybalt, and thus when Romeo arrives and Tybalt sa ys, considerably pause be with you sir, here comes my man. Mercutio gets in reality uncivilised that Tybalt worryes to wait Romeo. This feverish sense of humour is portray by the tv camera acquiring jerky, as if it has move into a hand-held camera, exchangeable a docu frolic pursual a involvement scene.Mercutio starts yelling at Tybalt which in spades builds tenseness because he furrows him at the resembling time. This leads to the beseech. In Baz Luhrmanns recital Romeo is acquiring st assistancely shell up by Tybalt, and Romeo does not iron back. Mercutio sees this as an act of large(p) in, as shown in line 66 when he says, O calm, dishonourable, violative subduedness Mercutio whence gives chase of Tybalt, he drops his shoot into the sand, suggesting he does proclivity to polish anybody, let unaccompanied Tybalt, all he wants to do is aid Romeo. This builds emphasis with the viewing consultation because they do not do what the issuing is sp ill to be.In the film and the gambol, Mercutio helps Romeo by trash for him, however Romeo does not wish for them to fight at all and the auditory modality k straighta shipway this as Romeo keeps hard to intervene. In the film, Mercutio fights Tybalt and at last slams Tybalt to the background onto a reflect which shatters underneath him this builds strain as the hearing believes that Mercutio has through with(p) some heartrending constipation to Tybalt. even so later on this Mercutio goes to hitting Tybalt again with a plump pop of wood, but Romeo boodle him by getting in the way and retentiveness him back.Whilst doing so, Mercutio gets infatuated by Tybalt with a sherd of glass. This builds tensity as Mercutio was one(a) of the important characters of the scene, he did a make out and now he has been murdered by Tybalt, the audience contend something is vent to happen. In the film, a corporation of tightness is make by absurd phantasm, which is where the digest reflects the way at the time. At the start of the scene, the cheer is ruin and is rattling(prenominal) hot and hazy, suggesting that it is undecipherable what is passing game to happen or that a mortal is undecipherable most something much(prenominal) as Benvolio beingness unclear on why Mercutio will not leave.Also, in the fight it could suggest that the consequence is unclear. When Mercutio dies, the endure changes childs playtically to a very turbulent, dirty live. This shows the madhouse that is convoluted in the scene. The weather similarly turns from twenty-four hour period to night, flatboat to dark, which suggests that there is tons of misrepresentation in this scene because Romeo is overturned almost Mercutio death in his arms. The fantasm similarly reflects Romeos sensory system as he gets wrathful and evil. He indeed set out to kill Tybalt. In the nefariousness Romeo also kills Tybalt by shooting him quadruple times in th e back.I stimulate embed that Shakespeare has utilize many another(prenominal) ways in which he makes the play chromatic and kindle for the audience. I declare detect that the primary(prenominal) fight itself is spurred on by Mercutio grammatical construction tension amidst the characters and in the scene. I waste also lay down that in Baz Luhrmanns exposition of the play that he utilise many techniques such as contemptible fallacy to create drama and tension in this scene. general Shakespeare has employ many ways to build drama and tension, he has conveyed resplendently in this scene chouse and hatred.

John Foulcher for the Fire Q&a Essay

For the fire Q&A The first lines in the poem put down us to the healthfuls in the bush. what argon these sounds and whom does he think is make the noise? wherefore is his mistake comprehensible? What resolution is achieved through with(predicate) these sound figure of speechs? * The interruption starts with the word alfresco presenting the pictorial beingness that appears on the arise to be so beautiful and gentle. a chopping sound disrupts the natural image, its singular charitable thud represents a human is harming the milieu.The feat is that humans are damaging the environment and its not ridiculous (the author is not surprised explicate the effect of the illustration kindred clockwork what effect is created by the repetition of thet andd sounds in the sound drops/chipped from a large dead channelise? * It reminds us that this is a place controlled by nature. It is repetitive and free burning the image of the laughing jackass and the lizard is vivid. find on lines 6-10 discussing the images created, extract of words and what they whitethorn suggest, the expressive verbs and the boilers suit meaning of these lines. * The authors justly language and imaging that we witness the viciousness and brutality and find sympathetic. what does the word forgetful tell us about the birds doings? * The bird doesnt have beneficence for the lizard because it is a part of natures round of drinks and it was uninvietable.The birds behaviour is born(p) and even though it may come out brutal and bestial to us, it is acting lone(prenominal) out of replete(predicate) and survival. How does the poet indicate his bankers acceptance of the birds apparent brutality. * The poet doesnt help the lizard, sort of he accepts natures daily round and picks up his punk rocker and leaves. What interpretation deal you suggest to relieve the meaning of the frozen air congealing freighter me * Visual image of the air is like a room access closing on a cosmos where the poet was an intruder.

Paraphrase Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 12

Paraphrase - Essay ExampleThis long-term project aimed at up(p) the hospitals services to the immediate community and reducing or stopping the communitys reliance on care services from the urban centers hospitals. The hospitals board hired a new chief executive officer in the year 2004 to spearhead the desired change. She was antecedently a Registered Nurse before specializing in counsel. She did not reside in the locality and one of her major changes was transformation of the hospitals top management team in which she brought in five new members, all from outside the immediate community, of the total eight. The cost of the new facility was about $ 63, $ 15 of which came from private donations, and it was launched in the year 2009. It had been expected to operate with a high level of efficiency and effectiveness towards meeting care needs but study on its employee satisfaction, conducted in the same year of launch, reported a decline in employees utility and determination and emp loyees rated internal communication poorly. This was contrary to expectations that the new facility would improve service delivery to the public through better facilities, technology, and physical environment that management would enjoy. The contrary results motivated the hospitals chief executive to blueprint our services for a better understanding of the survey results and possible solutions to the unexpected

Stroke Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Stroke - Research Paper ExampleThe problem about strokes presence is public in all parts of the world and at that placefore, the number of patients suffering from stroke is growing in all parts of the globe on an annual basis. The spate are busy in making a living whereas, they are least both(prenominal)ered by the medical condition of their close relatives and let all colleagues and friends. The government and medical facilities are as well as lethargic in terms of spreading the word about the featured illness and therefore, general public usually confuses the condition with daily life stress and burnout. The throng suffering from stroke are often suggested to take rest and antidepressants but, these superficial solutions have been identified as responsible for aggravating the prior situation. The innatural process of the brain contributes nonably towards causing brain-cells to die and therefore, the journey of stroke towards total collapse becomes shorter than most of the people think. It is also important and imperative to note that antidepressants play a significant role in killing the brain-cells of the person, who is already suffering from mild stroke. Causes of Stroke and Common medicate Treatments According to recent research on the topic, it was found that thickening of the blood is a main reason for stroke as thick blood does not flow swiftly in the body while in addition it clots and causes the blood supply to the brain to decrease (Astorm, Adolfson and Asplund pp. 980). The people who do not serve on a routine basis or do not drink sufficient water are believed to be the usual victims of the disease (Landau pp 596). Moreover, people who suffered or are suffering major physical trauma in their lives, are also noticed to become serious sufferers of the disease. The people with unhealthy feeding habits and obesity have been placed at the top of the potential patients list. Nevertheless, in summary it can be established that lack of awarenes s and physical activity are among the major causes of stroke in developed and underdeveloped countries alike. Along with these reason, poor eating habits and obesity are believed to be the sources of the featured disease in the so-called modern era of the 21st century. The doctors usually recommend aspirin, plavix and other similar drugs. Common Symptoms of Stroke and Identification Technique The misconception that dizziness, lack of energy to maintain body balance and memory loss are caused by stress and burnout are leading towards increase in the number of dying patients from stroke. However, there is simple technique to identify whether or not the person is suffering from stroke. Firstly, ask him or her to say it is sunny out there. Secondly put across the person to raise their both arms to a full extent and if the concerned person is not able to perform one or both of the abovementioned tasks then surely he or she is a potential victim of less blood supply to the brain. The te chnique is simple yet surprisingly potent because it calls upon both mental and physical engagement of the person and therefore, it can help in deciphering the level of probability associated with possibility of the stroke. Importantly, human mind has to engage more energetically when a person is making an

Toyota Management Strategic Choices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Toyota Management Strategic Choices - Essay ExampleGreat encouragement arose from the Japanese government that needed domestically produced vehicles. Toyota Motor Company was established in 1937 as a stand alone and separate company. The name of the company was changed because it was believed by the Japanese that Toyota, eight is believed a luckier number(Black & Miller, 2008). Moreover, the first car and truck by the company was produced in 1935, the pattern A1 and G1 respectively. An era of rapid expansion overtook the Toyota Company in 1945 when the company was permitted to sell to the coupled States military. At the post war times, the company made trucks for war to the military and in 1947 it made the model SA, Toyopet. The car was designed to be cheap and encompass the rough terrain of postwar Japan. In the preceding two years, an SD model was successfully made and the Toyopet SF became the first popular Toyota car. In 1955, Toyota Company made the RH model with a 48 horse p ower and during that time, a year round closure of 8,400 cars was produced (Liker, 2004). In addition, Toyota scratchinged producing the Land cruiser, a civilian truck, in the corresponding year. The start of Toyota international sales was characterized by the philosophy of making the production and designs of its products local, building the vehicles in the destined countries to adapt them and also stem up the long bourne relationships with local labor and local suppliers (Magee, 2008). The company produced the electric g paltry, that had a relatively large interior space and extremely comfortable and had a low price and improve quality however rust was a serious drawback In business there are a category of schemes developed to analyze, maintain, and achieve competitive advantage. both fundamental decisions accrue to start with is whether to primarily compete on price, cost, or provide distinctive features that justify higher prices. Secondly, how broad the competitive scope or the market target is.(Pearlson & Saunders, 2010) To commence, the price (cost) leadership strategy was used, has been used and will be used in times to come for Toyota Company to obtain a competitive advantage over its rivals or competitors as Honda Motor Company and General Motors Company Limited to mention a few while maintaining dinero in its business operations. The strategy advocates for the vehicles produced by the Toyota Company to always appeal to a broad section of the market at a lower cost. For instance, the Corona was lowly priced to suit the needs of the market and cover a range of customers ( Hoch, 1998) In an attempt to implement this strategy successfully, the company used exceptional efforts to rationalize costs without an exclusion of features considered essential by buyers. This was by an establishment of Greenfield operations in the new countries. However, a critical cost advantage method was designed to ensure that the vehicles were so hard a task for the c ompetitor to copy and match what Toyota Company produced. This strategy has a number of benchmarks the marketplace is always dominate by forms of price competition and very high sensitive buyers, there are many buyers and the bargaining power is in their reach, there is a low switching cost for customers, there are few ways to achieve product differentiation that has more value to consumers and the product in the industry is the same by all sellers. (Pearlson & Saunde

Techniques in the Management of Dyspnea Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Techniques in the Management of Dyspnea - Essay ExampleIt is a ecumenically stressful experience and can motility limitations in ones functions and activities. When patients conditions deteriorate then the dyspnoea can also get worse. In effect, the more that they would be exposed to the risk factors associated with the condition, the more that they argon likely to experience dyspnoea. This paper shall seek to establish the different techniques by which dyspnoea can be managed or treated. This paper is being carried out in order to arrive at a comprehensive and scholarly discussion on the subject matter. Physiology of dyspnoea In considering the physiology of dyspnoea, this is a condition which can issue from respiratory diseases which present in various abnormalities inside the afferent pathways, the efferent pathways, or the central control centres of the respiratory system (Irwin, et.al., 1997, p. 5). Dyspnoea is said to be caused by the interruption of the relationship between the force produced by the respiratory muscles and the consequence change in the muscle length (Weisman, et.al., 2002, p. 92). Based on the thoracic society, the respiratory output is caused by the respiratory neurons during automatic reflex breathing. Corollary discharges play a role in respiratory effort and can sometimes cause dyspnoea. The mechanical receptors in the joints and muscles of the chest are also programmed to send signals to the brain. According to Altose, et.al., (1989, p. 145) vibrations during inspiration activates these receptors which can change dyspnoea scores among COPD patients. From the above possible physiologic pathways, feelings of dyspnoea may manifest. Now, different techniques on the management and treatment of dyspnoea shall be discussed. Techniques in the management of dyspnoea Symptomatic management The first touchstone in the management of dyspnoea is its symptomatic management. Dyspnoea is one of those symptoms which need fast and efficient manag ement. Failing to immediately manage it can lead to stress, anxiety, freeing of consciousness, angina, and other serious conditions. The symptomatic management can either be through the implementation of pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic interventions. Treatment of dyspnoea The treatment of dyspnoea was considered in a study by Sassi-Dambron, et.al. (1995). The authors carried out a randomized clinical trial in order to establish a pulmonary program direction on coping strategies for dyspnoea without exercise didactics. About 89 patients with COPD were enrolled in the study. These respondents were assigned to either a pulmonary rehabilitation treatment or general health education groups. The pulmonary training involved progressive muscle relaxation, breathing retraining, pacing, self-talk, and panic control (Sassi-Dambron, et.al., 1995). The study involved tests of 6-minutes walking distance, quality of well-being, mental function, and dyspnoea measures at baseline, after treat ment, and 6 months after treatment. After the 6-week treatment, the study was able to establish that there was no difference seen in the control and in the test group in the different variables used to measure dyspnoea (Sassi-Dambron, et.al., 1995). This study implied that even with the application of dyspnoea management strategies, the lack of exercise training would still produce a negative outcome for the patient in terms of dyspnoea release. It is therefore important to consider a

PROFESSIONAL & ETHICAL ISSUES IN INFORMATION SYSTEMS Assignment

PROFESSIONAL & ETHICAL ISSUES IN INFORMATION SYSTEMS - Assignment ExampleBy providing the ethical business practices, codes of conduct plays vital part for organisations by making them responsible toward clients, employees, government and other major stakeholders. Codes of conduct effectively refer the liabilities of focussing, comprising every level of employees about the method of dealing with information. In recent days, some(prenominal) corporate scandals have significantly impacted on the trust of people. Due to this reason, the codes of conducts have gained must importance for organization to maintain specially in the subject of IS. Furthermore, limitations of national regulations to comply with the global standards have also generated the requirement of maintaining proper codes of conduct in the compass of IS. In this way, codes of ethics in IS help the management of different organisations to become responsible towards major stakeholders.Nowadays, there has been a growin g interest amid different organisations in order to adopt codes of conduct and practices within the area of Information System (IS). The existence of codes of conduct in an organisation is related with less perceived offences and misconducts in IS operations. Organisations which implement proper codes of conduct demonstrate inviolate value positioning that is beyond the value derived from financial performance. Codes of conduct provide certain responsibilities on behalf of organisations and employees in order to engage in ethical activities art object using IS (Somers, 2001). Although codes of conduct has implemented worldwide, their role on IS have not been addressed appropriately. This research is based on assessing the practical role that played by codes of conduct and practices within IS of an organisation. The research will be undertaken by the execution of descriptive methods through analysing several secondary sources.In general, codes of conduct aim to describe ethics and principles that ought to direct the behaviour

In the last decade voting turnout and political participation in the Essay

In the last decade voting turn knocked tabu(p) and political participation in the UK has declined. What are the possible agents for this What could be done to help solve the problem - Essay ExampleThe paper also tries to figure out few locomote which can bring back the interest of the people in politics.One of the reasons behind the less turn out of people in the politics is the apprehension of strong government over the representative government. The main focus of the government is to present the country as a strong one in preceding of the world so sometimes they overlook the basic requirement of the people and therefore people started to lose interest in voting. Another key reason behind the lesser turnout in the UK vote is the failure of the elected people to fulfill their promises. Another theory related to this lesser turn out is the change in the mindset of the voters. People in the UK in modern age are more worried with policy outcomes than they are with policy commitment s. The importantly less turn out in the 2001 UK vote was mainly on the ground of above reason. The supporters of the Labor party not wanted to come out in large number to cast their vote just because in their view, their party fails to deliver the goods by improving health care, education, transportation and other lively public services during its first term in office. (Clarke, Sanders, Stewart &Whiteley 2002). Apart from all these factors, some other reasons are also their which play an important role in reducing the turnout in vote and also pull down the peoples interest about politics. The level of education among the people, political knowledge, ethiciency, sagacity civic duty all these are also the factors which plays an important role in pulling down peoples interest from politics. It has been noticed that passing educated people, people who have the knowledge of politics, who come from political background or associated with politics directly or indirectly are more averse to vote where as people from lower middle class, who just

What are the motivations of people who become volunteers at major Literature review - 1

What are the motivations of people who become volunteers at major sport events - literature review ExampleLiterature review for this study has been conducted in the traditional manner by first reviewing literature on volunteering in general and thusly moving on to the specific subject of volunteering in sports. The barriers and motivation to volunteering both in general and in the sport empyrean have been evaluated. Data on the economy value of volunteering both in the general and the sports sectors have been reviewed and the dynamics of volunteering evaluated.This section reviews literature on the concept of volunteering in the general sector. The year 2011 was tell the European Year of Volunteering aimed at recognizing the contribution that volunteers make to society (Cattan, Hogg & Hardill, 2011). This demonstrates the value of volunteering in a society and particularly in Europe. The voluntary sector comprises of all activities and operate extended on the basis of volunteeri ng unpaid work in a formal business environment (Gallarza, Arteaga, Floristn & Gil, 2009). Volunteering services has its roots in a positive attitude that gives rise to the feeling that serving the society or helping people can lead to a higher degree of life satisfaction. However, the definitions of volunteering and volunteerism range from existence altruistic to engaging in unpaid activity.Volunteering has been defined as working for no gain (Waikayi et al, 2012), and as an activity that is freely chosen, does not involve remuneration and helps and benefits people beyond their immediate family (Cattan, Hogg & Hardill, 2011 Hoeber, 2010). Definitions from the Australian Bureau of Statistics and Canada Survey of Giving, Volunteering and Participating, Statistics Canada, highlight several tombstone dimensions of volunteering free choice, formal structure and lack of payment (Hoeber, 2010). The nature of volunteering action can range from volunteering out of free will, being coerc ed to volunteer or being obligated to volunteer.

International Marketing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

International Marketing - Research Paper Exampleicates that the product discussed higher market shargon in European nations among other parts of the globe where a higher profit margin is reported (Grunig and Kuhn, 2008).For situational outline, the company can use various methods. The following methods can are be utilized Porters method, 5Cs and SWOT method of analysis. One of the best methods to be used in this situation is the 5Cs analysis. The 5Cs represents company, competitors, customers, collaborators, and climate. First, the company needs to approximate its objectives, strategy, and capabilities. The evaluation of these elements will help the focal point determine how fit the cheek fits the external environment. Evaluation of the company objectives and goals may include the analysis of organization visions, goals and the environment under which the organization is operating in to achieve its corporate goals. In addition, organization should assess marketing strategies to determine its efficiency and carry out necessary improvements (Hitt, Irel, and Hoskisson, 2007).The products produced should also be analyzed to dete5rmine whether they meet customer needs and expectations. Secondly, we will consider the competitors. Here we will check the position of a competitor in the market and the possible potential threats they may cause to the industry. The competitor analysis will help the management prepare against competition. The organization should conduct customer analysis to determine their needs that in return help the organization to achieve a higher market share. The analysis will help the management of the organization with the knowledge of whether the customer needs and wants are met. It will also help the organization determine the familiarity of the products to the customers, which in turn will determine the intensity of the advertisement. The management will also know the income of its customers, which will help them determine the different pr ices of their products. The fourth statement

Security project planning Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Security project planning - Research Paper Exampleel in frame to analyze the information hostage plan as well as its existing situation of the information tribute attempts with respect to a number of stages presented in the bull eye model. Basically, the bull eye model allows project teams especially the project planners to find out the status of their progress with respect to their information security efforts. It tells them in which areas they need to pay more attention and expand their information security efforts and potential. Additionally, the bull eye model depends on a process of find out the project plans in a series in the context of four moulds, which include policies, networks, systems, and applications. These layers are illustrated in figure1. The figure1 shows how these layers are connected with each other (CQUniversity, 2009 Joshi, 2013).Systems This layer deals with all kinds of systems that can be used by the people. In this scenario, these systems can comprise computers used as servers, systems employed for process control and manufacturing systems and desktop computers.In addition, the bulls eye model can be utilized to assess the series of actions that need to be performed to put together elements of the information security plan into a project plan. There is a close relationship between all the layers and these layers can be associated with each other in the quest ways (CQUniversity, 2009 Joshi, 2013)Until an organization does not develop, communicate and implement an effective and useable information technology and information security policy, it should not spend further resources on additional controls.Once it is ensured that there is an effective policy is prepared, systems are safe, networks are secure, an organization should pay attention to the evaluation and cure of the security of the firms applications installed on systems (CQUniversity, 2009 Joshi,

What should be the future of 'diversity-management' Essay

What should be the future of mixed bag- perplexity - Essay ExampleThe importance of diversity management is an integrative part of modern management. globose tendencies in the world lead to overall balancing of various people. Successful cooperation of people with assorted cultural and religious background, from different societies should be mediated by managers. Unfortunately, there is an efficient gap between theoretical and practical approaches to diverse management. Propagation of human freedom and equality of human rights and processes of democratization is not invariably followed by managers. There is a lack of professional knowledge about diverse management. Therefore it is relevant to develop theoretical and practical bases of diverse management in the future. Culture is the totality of values, beliefs, and behaviors common to a large group of people. A culture may include shared language and folklore, communication styles, and ideas and thought patternsthe truths accept ed by members of the group. Members of a culture have similar expectations of life (Cross, p. 48). People are different and they tend to interpret any behavior by means of the prism of their own values. Literature review Currently, the influence of diverse management on relations inside the governings is vividly discussed. Thus, in the article by Dameron and Joffre The wakeless and the bad the impact of diversity management on co-operative relationships (2007) practical aspect of diversity management is discussed. There is given a dualistic approach to the interchange about cultural diversity at the workplace. There are two kinds of co-operation community based co-operation, caused by human necessity to belong, and complementary co-operation (Dameron and Joffre, 2007). Strategic knowledge of human resources is created in terms of diverse management. The authors of the articles claim that individuals development happens in terms of diverse management. It is important to discuss the influence of diverse management on the development of an individual employee and then on the human resources of the company. Thus, diverse management is a perfect background for interaction of employees in the condescension world among them and with their employers (Burke and Cooper, 2005). A separation of diversity management from the issue of diversity in the world is a modern tendency. What is the reason for this separation and what is the perspective of get along development of this field? Every organization pays a great attention to the development of diversity management and it can be said that every organization follows national tendencies of culture development. In case of future development of diversity management, organizations and companies will benefit from cooperation with foreign partners in the international arena. Currently, there is even a greater progress in the field of diversity management. Diversity management is a motive force of modern businesses. In cas e an organization is successful, it operates in the international arena. Moreover, it is a common tendency in many organizations to hire employees and managers from different nations. From the article considered above, cultural diversity is titled as a zone of uncertainty from which one can profit (Dameron and Joffre). This concept was borrowed from Crozier and Friedberg (1977). These authors considered cultural diversity to be a goal-oriented collective action (Crozier and Friedberg, 1977). Thus, Crozier and Friedberg (1977) considered cultural diversity in relation to a certain organization, but currently this concept is considered from a broader perspective. Other authors who discuss diversity management, are Ronald J. Burke and Cary L. Cooper in the book Reinventing Human Resources Management Challenges and New Directions (2005). These authors underline the importance of a shift of consideration about diversity management from an organizational context to a more global context. Dameron and Joffre underline that diverse management

The European Debt Crisis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The European Debt Crisis - Research Paper ExampleThe crisis accentuated the scotch interdep windupence of the EU, as it highlighted the deficiency in the Eurozones political integration which was vital for the provision of a well-harmonized and effectual financial response. To ease the debt crisis and improve economic status, EUs richest members encouraged the most highly indebted EU members to cut down on government expenditures and programs and to increase their taxes. Despite efforts, market instability continued until the end of 2011, thus questioning the future of the euro (Alessi). This paper will discuss the European debt crisis and the mitigation measures implemented to resolve the issues. The European Debt Crisis TheMaastricht Treaty outlined the conditions for European nations aiming to be a eurozone member by organizing its finances through guaranteeing an annual inflation not exceeding 1.5% maintaining finance debits up to 3% of gross domestic product and keeping a debt- to-GDP ratio below 60%. The European nations agreed to tighten budgets by decreasing public expenditures and increasing tariffs. However, the enforcement of the EU conditions was not strictly implemented (Wignall and Slovik). Since the 1930s, the European Union was in serious economic downturn with actual GDP expected to plummet by 4% in 2009, the biggest decline ever put down in the EU history. While indications of improvement have been observed, economic revival stays improbable. The response of the EU to the recession had been fast. Besides the intervention to steady and structure the banking sector, the European Economic Recovery Plan (EERP) was commenced in 2008 for re-establishing reliance and reinforcing demand by increasing the economys purchasing power through equilibrise tactical financial schemes and measures that would support the business and employment sectors. The entire economic incentive and the outcomes of regulated fiscal stabilizers total 5 percent of European GDP (Economic Crisis in Europe Causes, Consequences and Responses). The execution of crisis emergency measures by European members momentarily sustained the labor markets and heightened investments in the public infrastructure companies. To guarantee the economic resurgence and to continue the European nations future development possibilities, the focus must change from temporary demand administration to a long-term supply management, otherwise, it could bail EUs reformation or build damaging deformations to the Internal Market (Economic Crisis in Europe Causes, Consequences and Responses). European Crisis Mitigation Measures In 2010, the atomic number 82 European nations implemented an emergency protocol to cease the mounting fiscal market strains arising from distress about the financial recovery of indebted European nations (Ahearn et al). pecuniary Aid to Greece, Portugal, and Ireland In 2009, existing alarms concerning the sustainability of household finances in some Eurozon e nations started when the sentiments of financiers turned against Greece. Over the past ten years, Greece had loaned deeply in the global outstanding markets to sustain soaring government expenses, banking system inflexibilities, and deteriorating competitiveness (Nelson). Access to funds at minimal interest rates and poor imposition of EU regulations regarding debit limits facilitated the onset of todays European sovereign debt dilemma (Nelson et al). Greece, Ireland, and Portugal have been given considerable financial supports by the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the Eurozone and EU monetary

The world financial crisis and recession aftermath Assignment

The world financial crisis and recession aftermath - Assignment ExampleDue the financial crisis, the world economy include the United States went into secret recession that can be comparable into the Great Recession of the 1930s. According to research, in severe financial crises the crucial indicators such as housing prices and un duty parcel let out longer to hit their lowest points. Several scotch strategies have been proposed to tackle the financial crisis and resuscitate the global economy. One school of thought proposes that austerity measures should be taken to cut public expenditure in order to bring the global economy back on course. On the other hand, there be those who advocate for stimulus packages to jumpstart the economy through increased spending ability of the people. In evaluating the best course of action for handling the global recession, I would analyze the current situation based on the Keynesian economic theories. In his General Theory, Keynes renders an op posing view to the classical economic model in which the perfectly competitive markets with flexible measures resulted in self correcting and balancing measures. According to the orthodox doctrine, the Loanable Funds Theory played an important role in find out the interest rates. In this respect, consumption, saving and investment were all functions of the rate of interest. Thus, possible action proposed that as long as the interest rate was sufficiently flexible nest egg automatically turned into investments. However, Keynes pointed out that consumption is a function of income. This implies that in as much the interest rates are flexible, the determinant factor for economic activity was the level of disposable income that individuals had. This argument is relevant to the policy debates concerning the most appropriate approach to the solving of the global financial crisis. I think that it is obligatory to ensure that the ordinary citizen has disposable income in order to spur ec onomic recovery. This means that governments should implement stimulus packages in a strategic way to produce it possible for money flow in the economy. Use of austerity measures may not have the desired impact on the economies of the world. For instance, I believe that austerity measures may indeed put a cap on the government expenditures and create some control over money interest rates. However, this may sole(prenominal) go as far as stagnation of the economy since people will still lack disposable income for consumption. Keynes also rejected the quantity theory of money. Keynes argued that the assumptions upon which the stable velocity held sway were invalid. Also, it should be noted that people hold on to money for a variety of reasons other than transactional purposes. In his money theory, Keynes pointed out that people may hold money as income deposits, business deposits and savings deposits. It is therefore imperative that if the quantity of money changes, then there will be equal changes in the general price level. This implies that the general state of the economy is affected by the amount of money in circulation. For economic growth, there should be sufficient industrial money circulation. Suffice to say, only stimulus packages can pump in money to the economy. On the other hand, austerity measures lead to reduction of the amount of money that is in circulation. The intention of governments worldwide is to move their economies to the path of growth therefore it is imperative that economic policies taken should ensure that there is more than money in the economy. The concept of multiplier effect is a major tool that can be used to help governments to maintain high levels of employment even during times of economic depressions. According to Keynesian economics, the multiplier effect can be used by governments to attain a level of issue level of income that would

The Law of Torts, Product and Service Liability Law Assignment

The Law of Torts, Product and Service Liability Law - Assignment ExampleAgainst this background, this essay seeks to critically analyse the cases of Haimes v Temple University Hospital 1981 and the Vandevender v Sheetz, INC 1998. Based on the law of torts and product and service liability laws, the essay seeks to compare and contrast the facts, law, and merits of the two lawsuits. The paper exit also evaluate aspects related to the facts, issues, judgment, as well as ethical issue related to the two cases. A summary of the main points discussed will be given at the end of the essay. In the case of Haimes v. Temple University Hospital 1981 it git be noted that much of the plaintiffs testimony concerned her psychic activities and her unfitness to practice these activities following the CT scan. To read an aura, according to plaintiff, it is necessary to go into an altered state, a state of deep concentration. She complains that her psychic activities have been negatively impacted an d she can no longer perform the tasks she used to do. It can be seen that this affected the occupation of the plaintiff and this is the reason why she got a favourable judgement. The board gave the verdict in the amount of $600000 which implicated Dr. Haimes loss of a consortium. In view of the Pennsylvania Rule of Civil Procedure 238, the verdict was molded to include delay damages of $386,465.75 and this brought the total award to $986,465.75. However, the motion for a new trial of the hospital and the doctor was granted given that the verdict was considered as grossly excessive as to shock the courts sense of justice. In the case of Vandevender v Sheetz, INC 1997, the employee sustained a back injury at carry and she was not permitted to return to work by the employer as a result of specific restrictions. She then appealed and punitive damages were awarded as a result of the culpable termination of her purpose. However, the punitive damages were found to be excessive since t hey did not corroborate with the actual harm as well as termination of employment suffered by the plaintiff. A closer analysis of the case shows that the appellee was treated badly by the appellant, and that the appellant should have to pay her a fair amount of damages. In this case, the appelle was awarded $ 293,866.00 in compensatory and noneconomic damages for missing essentially four weeks of work as well as other related ill-treatment she received. However, an award of $ 2,232,740 is considered as in addition much. From the above cases, it can be noted that in order to prove the existence of day care duty, some conditions should prevail where a defendant can be taken to court if this duty is breached. Thus, the case of Capiro Industries vs. Dickman (1990), suggests that the following conditions should prevail in order for the plaintiff to win the case and these include foreseeability, proximity as well as reasonability. Terry & Giugni (2009) concurs with this notion when he sa ys that the following elements should be proved by the plaintiff in order to be successful in winning the claim. There is need to show that the defendant owed the plaintiff a duty of care, this duty has been breached by falling below expected standards, the defendants conduct caused the plaintiff to suffer physical or economic harm (causation) and the injury suffered was remote or foreseeable. However, it is not always easy to prove that the

Ethics of Information Communication Technology Dissertation - 1

Ethics of Information Communication Technology - Dissertation ExampleFor the gathering of information and knowledge, the instrument that is required by all human beings is ICT, and gage in this regard should be guaranteed to them as their basic right. However, throughout the world, the rights of humans are violated one way or the other. Violation of these rights has created new problems in the human social system like cybercrime, digital divide, digital certificate and privacy concerns for all of them. Round the globe, all of this has affected the lives of the people directly or indirectly (Sembok, 2003). This shows that due to the rising facilities of the global world, the related crimes are also increasing in the numbers. This increasing rate of the cyber crime has put the privacy and security of the individuals at stake. With such backdrop, this paper will discuss the types of cyber crimes and the upcoming frauds that are done by them. The objective of this paper is to highlight the effects of this crime and beneath the light of this crime, see the effects it has created on the economy of the United Kingdom. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the effects of cyber crimes on the citizens, businesses, presidency, and the relevant interventions to deal with it. The range of cyber crimes is oftentimes diversified so the paper will shed light on crimes such as child pornography, identity frauds to the individuals, tax and benefits fraud, NHS frauds, pension frauds, and local government and central government frauds faced by the government. The most affected sector is the business sector so a major portion of the paper aims to disguise this segment and discuss frauds like IP theft, industrial espionage, and online theft. Literature Re survey The literature review section initially discusses the general use of internet and the postulate of using this technology it also talks nigh the crimes that result from this under the light of different kinds of lit erature. Then limiting to the topic, the paper aims at discussing the keyword Cyber Crime. jibe to Nelson (2009) cybercrime is referred to as the undertaken activities by the criminals for the financial gain. He says that such kinds of activities are used to take advantage of the vulnerabilities that are in use of the internet and other electronic systems. These systems illegitimately attack or access the information that is used by the businesses, citizens, and government. In this light, the paper will discuss the types of cybercrime and also talk about the ways these cyber crimes are taking place. A number of studies and researchers have been done in order to investigate the topic under discussion. However, this area needs to be researched more so that more valid and authentic conclusions can be drawn from the studies and the results could be applied to the society. The topic is chosen for my research, keeping in view its significance in the field and also, because of its importa nce in society. As it has been observed in the societies that as people are getting more aware of the horrify nature of this issue and are interested in finding ways to help overcome this problem, more research work is needed in this area.

Oligopoly and monopoly Essay Example for Free

Oligopoly and monopoly EssayAn oligopoly is an intermediate market structure between the extremes of perfect competition and monopoly. Oligopoly strongs index compete (noncooperative oligopoly) or cooperate (cooperative oligopoly) in the marketplace. Whereas firms in an oligopoly ar price makers, their control over the price is determined by the level of coordination among them. The distinguishing characteristic of an oligopoly is that in that location are a few mutually interdependent firms that produce either identical products (homogeneous oligopoly) or heterogeneous products (differentiated oligopoly).Mutual interdependence means that firms realize the effects of their actions on rivals and the reactions much(prenominal) actions are apparent to elicit. For instance, a mutually interdependent firm realizes that its price drops are more likely to be matched by rivals than its price increases. This implies that an oligopolist, especially in the case of a homogeneous olig opoly, will try to maintain current prices, since price changes in either direction can be harmful, or at least nonbeneficial.Consequently, there is a kink in the demand curve because there are asymmetric responses to a firms price increases and to its price decreases that is, rivals match price falls scarcely not price increases. This leads to sticky prices, such that prices in an oligopoly turn out to be more stable than those in monopoly or in competition that is, they do not change every time costs change. On the flip side, the sticky-price explanation (formally, the kinked demand model of oligopoly) has the world-shaking drawback of not doing a very respectable job of explaining how the initial price, which eventually turns out to be sticky, is arrived at.Airline markets and automobile markets are prime examples of oligopolies. We see that as the new auto model family gets under way in the fall, one car manufacturers reduced financing rates are quickly matched by the other firms because of recognized mutual interdependence. Airlines withal match rivals fares on competing routes. In oligopolies, entry of new firms is difficult because of entry barriers. These entry barriers may be structural (natural), such as economies of scale, or artificial, such as limited licenses issued by government.Firms in an oligopoly, known as oligopolists, ingest prices and output to maximize profits. However, firms could compete along other dimensions as well, such as ad, location, research and development (RD) and so forth. For instance, a firms research or advertising strategies are influenced by what its rivals are doing. When one restaurant advertises that it will accept rivals coupons, others are compelled to follow suit. The rivals responses in an oligopoly can be modeled in the form of reaction functions.Sophisticated firms anticipating rivals behavior might appear to act in plan (conscious parallelism) without any explicit agreement to do so. Such instances pos e problems for antitrust regulators. Mutually interdependent firms sustain a tendency to form cartels, enabling them to set up price and quantity actions to increase profits. Besides facing legal obstacles, cartels are difficult to sustain because of free-rider problems. Shared monopolies are extreme cases of cartels that include all the firms in the industry.Given that mutual interdependence can exist along many dimensions, there is no single model of oligopoly. Rather, there are numerous models base on different behavior, ranging from the naive Cournot models to more sophisticated models of game theory. An equilibrium concept that incorporates mutual interdependence was proposed by John Nash and is referred to as Nash equilibrium. In a Nash equilibrium, firms decisions (i. e. , price-quantity choices) are their best responses, given what their rivals are doing. For example, McDonalds charges $2.99 for a Value Meal based on what Burger King and Wendys are charging for a similar calling card item. McDonalds would reconsider its pricing if its rivals were to change their prices. The level of information that firms have has a major influence on their behavior in an oligopoly. For instance, when mutually interdependent firms have asymmetric information and are unable to make credible commitments regarding their behavior, a prisoners dilemma type of situation arises where the Nash equilibrium might include choices that are suboptimal.For instance, mortal firms in a cartel have an incentive to cheat on the previously agreed-upon price-output levels. Since cartel members have nonbinding commitments on limiting production levels and maintaining prices, this results in far-flung cheating, which in turn leads to an eventual breakdown of the cartel. Therefore, while all firms in the cartel could benefit by cooperating, lack of credible commitments results in cheating universe a Nash equilibrium strategya strategy that is suboptimal from the individual firms standp oint.Models of oligopoly could be static or dynamic depending upon whether firms take intertemporal decisions into account. Significant models of oligopoly include Cournot, Bertrand, and Stackelberg. Cournot oligopoly is the simplest model of oligopoly in that firms are assumed to be naive when they think that their actions will not generate any reaction from the rivals. In other words, according to the Cournot model, rival firms choose not to alter their production levels when one firm chooses a different output level. Cournot thus focuses on quantity competition rather than price competition. plot of ground the naive behavior suggested by Cournot might seem plausible in a static setting, it is hard to image real-world firms not learning from their mistakes over time. The Bertrand models significant difference from the Cournot model is that it assumes that firms choose (set) prices rather than quantities. The Stackelberg model deals with the scenario in which there is a leader firm in the market whose actions are imitated by a number of follower firms. The leader is sophisticated in terms of taking into account rivals reactions, while the followers are naive, as in the Cournot model.The leader might emerge in a market because of a number of factors, such as historical precedence, size, reputation, innovation, information, and so forth. Examples of Stackelberg leadership include markets where one dominant firm dictates the terms, usually through price leadership. Under price leadership, the leader firms pricing decisions are consistently followed by rival firms. Since oligopolies come in various forms, the operation of such markets also varies a great deal. In general, the oligopoly price is below the monopoly price but above the competitive price.The oligopoly output, in turn, is larger than that of a monopolizer but falls short of what a competitive market would supply. Some oligopoly markets are competitive, leading to few welfare distortions, while other oligopolies are monopolistic, resulting in dead weight losses. Furthermore, some oligopolies are more innovative than others. Whereas the price-quantity rankings of oligopoly vis-a-vis other markets are relatively well established, how oligopoly fares with regard to R and D and advertising is less clear.

Miss Evers’ Boys portrays the emotional effects Essay Example for Free

overtop Evers Boys portrays the emotional effects EssayMiss Evers Boys portrays the emotional effects of superstar of the or so amoral instances of governmental experimentation on humans ever perpetrated. It depicts the governments involvement in research targeting a group of African the Statesn males (The Tuskegee look into), while simultaneously exploring the depths of human tragedy and suffering that result, as seen through the eyes of Eunice Evers.The viewer watches as a seemingly innocuous program progresses into a full-blown ethical catastropheall the while taking Miss Evers through a moral journey, with her decisions having ramifications on the life and well-being of her best friendsher boys. I. anatomical structure This exposure deals with the ethical considerations present in human experimentation. The government, wanting to mimic the Oslo Experiments, intends to study a population of AfricanAmericans inflicted with syphilis.The movie takes place in turn over se ttings, transitioning between a 1973 Senatorial hearing and the site of the actual study in Alabama, beginning in 1932 and moving forward. Miss Eunice Evers, a nurse at a local Tuskegee hospital, is the centerpiece of the movie. II. Setting Plot Summary With an ominous lead-in quote, Miss Evers Boys begins to tell the tale of an emotionally courageous young woman and her struggle to protect her children. Within the first few framesof the movie, the viewer is automatically entrenched into the already tenuous history of racial tension in Americaexcept, this time, under the auspices of segregation founded upon disease.The movie begins, placing the viewer as an observer of a 1973 U. S. Senate Hearing, where we are first introduced to Miss Eunice Evers. Miss Evers is testifying as a nurse, unity who took the nurses oath to protect the health of those in her care. The claimed Senatorial goal is to discover the truth underlying the Tuskegee Study. Miss Evers worked in the study from 1 9321972.The movie progresses throughout the course of the hearing, with testimony by Miss Evers and reminiscent scenes telling the tale of the study. In the beginning, Miss Evers firmly fight downs the goal of the initial planto take into account care and treatment to those suffering from syphilis. It was the dawn of a new day, exempts Miss Evers. At this point (pre-study), she believes that the government is sending her patients, and her city, the best financing and medical countenance available. The viewer is then introduced to Miss Evers Boysa folk music group.1 The musicians (four of them) are the first patients to provide blood samples, one of them being Caleb, an eventual love-interest of Miss Evers. Each of the men test positive for syphilis. At this point in the movie, everyone (including Miss Evers) is still under that assumption that bad blood is the culprit for the disease. Ultimately, the funding for the initial study disintegrates. After a visit to Washington, vari ous gentlemen confront Dr. Brodus, the head doctor in Tuskegee, with an offer for a new rationale for funding.The gentlemen explain their intentions of studying the African-American population, much like the Caucasian population in the Oslo Experiments (1891-1910). The government then reveals the true nature of the experimentthe proposed study of untreated African-Americans dealing with syphilis. 1 The government promises future treatment and The group names their band after Miss Evers when she drives them to their first musical show. 2 proclaims the future latent of the Tuskegee Experiment, appealing to Dr. Brodus pride. Dr.Brodus agrees, naming the study, The Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in The Negro Male. 412 men, afflicted with syphilis, participate in the study. In a telling interaction involving one of the first patients, Miss Evers suggests that the doctors explain to the study group that they are providing back shots. Through her deceit, Miss Evers thus begins to i nvolve herself in the treatment. The tension she feels manifests itself in her facial nerve features the viewer can see her apprehension in this instance and throughout the movie.She is torn, but yet continues to help Dr. Brodus conduct the study. As 6-months turns into years, Miss Evers continues to hide the mystical behind the study. She urges the men to continue the study, in hope of future treatmenttreatment that never comes, even through the eventual availability of penicillin. Miss Evers last-ditch decision as to how she deals with the care and treatment of her boys will be left to the viewer. With the journey, however, comes a tumultuous story, exposing the hypocrisy of the United States Government through the eyes of Eunice Evers.throughout the movie, as an audience, we want Miss Evers to defy all conventions and simply provide the necessary medicine to the patients. Yet, she struggles throughout with the pros and cons of such a decision. On one hand, she wants to suppor t the experiment yet, on the other, she wants to protect and comfort her friends. As we finally see in the end, as seen through Miss Evers unique perspective, while one may question Miss Evers, it is the Senators themselves, and the government agents before them, who prove to be more worthy of moral appraisal. III.

A Streetcar Named Desire | Blanche And Stella Analysis

A aerial tramway Named commit Blanche And Stella AnalysisTennessee Williams was Americas most polemic good turnwright. He was marked by his troubled private life and was constantly struggling with his own self-doubts. Nevertheless he was the dramatist, who produced some of the most compelling kit and boodle for the American theatre. In 1947 Tennessee Williams set new standards for American drama with his masterpiece A Streetcar Named Desire. The play opened on December 3, 1947, and was received with big acclaim. Neither the theatre audience at the premiere evening, nor the audiences at the other 844 performances, which the play gave on Broadway, were disappointed and made A Streetcar Named Desire Williams countenance success on Broadway after his triumph with The Glass Menagerie.1Down to the present day A Streetcar Named Desire has non lost its enormous fame and fascination. A reason for the perpetual popularity of the play is probably the fact that Williams is the only Amer ican playwright, who is able to analyze women with such subtlety and compassion2. Hence, critics such as genus Felicia Hardison Londr denote Tennessee Williams A Streetcar Named Desire also as a lyrical drama approximately the dec kris and fall of Blanche DuBois3. With this statement Londr emphasizes that both, the character as well as the inner development of Blanche Dubois, are the focus of attention in Williams play. However, in my way of thinking, it is not only crucial to examine the Blanches character in detail, but also to study the character of the plays second feminine protagonist Stella, Blanches sister, more closely.Hence, the aim of this seminar melodic theme is to compare and contrast the characters of the two sisters. At the beginning of the paper the authors biographical context and the bibliographical muniment of A Streetcar Named Desire are discussed. In nightclub to lay the foundations for a detailed characterization of the two female protagonists, chapter two contains a draft summary of the plays plot, focussing on the internal developments of Blanche and Stella. Afterwards, a detailed analysis of Blanches and Stellas character follows. Finally, the most important findings are briefly summed up in the conclusion.2. Tennessee Williams and his masterpiece A Streetcar Named DesireIn order to be able to fully grasp the meaning of Tennessee Williams celebrated play A Streetcar Named Desire, it is absolutely necessary to take the authors biographical context as well as the works bibliographical tarradiddle into account. biographical contextLike in several(prenominal) of his other plays, also the plot of A Streetcar Named Desire was strongly influenced by Williams own biographical background. Tennessee Williams himself verbalize once that A Streetcar Named Desire was his favourite play since it said everything I had to say4.Williams never concealed that his works reflect his own history and even welcomed comparisons amidst his own life and the characters in A Streetcar Named Desire. In a controversial interview with Robert Jennings he explicitly compared himself with his character Blanche DuBois I can completely identify with Blanche we are both hysterics. Many critics, such as Nancy Tischler, Roger Asselineau, or Kenneth Holditch, asserted that there are several other think between Blanche and Williams. In a letter to his agent Audrey Wood he wrote the following sentence, which again stresses his strong identification with the dramatis personae of his play I was and still am Blanche but I have a Stanley in me, too.5Nevertheless, the connections between Blanche and Tennessee Williams are not always uncomplicated.In contrast to Tischler, Asselineau and Holditsch, other critics regard the relationship between Blanche and Stanley as a reflection of the contours of Williams life. They claim that Blanche and Stanley represent divisions of Williams own complex life and personality. Yet studies conducted by John Clum, Ma rk Lilly and David Savran arrive at other conclusion. All three see Blanche and Stanley as a projection of Tennessee Williams homoerotic desires. Clum, for instance, says that the actions of his heterosexual female character Blanche hide a homosexual subtext.6Bibliographical historySimilar to other of Williams plays the plot of A Streetcar Named Desire evolved over several years.7Tennessee Williams drew, for instance, much of his inspiration from his life in the French Quarter of naked as a jaybird Orleans. During his time in New Orleans he lived on Royal Street. Two streetcars where running down the street. One of the two streetcars was named Desire.8Accordingly the title of Williams play is among other things an illusion to this particular streetcar.In the early 1940s he outlined the story line as well as his idea for a film version in a letter to his agent Audrey Wood. In this prototypical draft of A Streetcar Named Desire, the play was a one-act drama.9The story line was main ly based upon a scene which he had written earlier.The plot was murky, but I seem to see a woman sitting in a chair, waiting in vain for something. Maybe love. Moon rays were streaming through the window and that suggested lunacy. I wrote the scene and titled it Blaches Chair in the Moon.10In the destroy, Tennessee Williams had written twelve different drafts for A Streetcar Named Desire. Each of his drafts had a different title, such as The Poker Night or The Moth, and was commencement set in Chicago, then in Atlanta and finally in New Orleans.Due to the influence of Elia Kazan, an influential Greek-American director, who staged the play and order the film version of A Streetcar named Desire, Williams revised his work several times through and after its production, which had a considerable effect on the handwriting of A Streetcar Named Desire. By changing the characters nationality as well as their conception and motivation he transformed the play from a romance to a tragedy. plot of land writing, Williams had to grapple two major problems firstly, the relationship between Blanche and Stanley, and secondly, the varying degrees and onset of Blaches madness.11Furthermore, four early one-act plays, which were written around 1945, had an impact on A Streetcar named Desire. The first one of these plays is This Property is Condemned, a play focusing on a young girls desires to be involve her dead sister, who was a prostitute. The second play, entitled Portrait of a Madonna, chronicles the story of an old maid sent to an asylum after hallucinating. In contrast to the first two plays, The Lady of Larkspur Lotion focuses on a faded southern belle, who had become a prostitute. Moreover, parallels can also be found in how-dye-do from Bertha, a play dealing with a dying prostitute begging her ex-lover to rescue her.In addition to the numerous different drafts of A Streetcar Named Desire, several different discrepancys of the play have been printed up to the pres ent day. For instance, there are substantial differences between the reading and the acting editions. Some differences can also be identified between the American and the English version. In the American version, for instance, the homosexuality of Blanches husband was censored. Another difference is the structure of the play. In the British edition the play is divided into three acts, whereas the play consists of eleven successive scenes in other editions.12The roles of Blanche DuBois and Stella Kowalski in the plot of A Streetcar Named DesireIn order to lay the foundations for the characterization of Blanche DuBois and Stella Kowalski, I would like to give a brief summary of the contents of Tennessee Williams play. Since the aim of this paper is to compare and contrast the characters of the two female protagonists, special attention has hereby been paid to the internal development of Blanche and Stella.In scene one Blanche, a faded southern belle, arrives at the home of her young sister Stella in a fairly run-down district of New Orleans. She is shocked about the circumstances in which Stella and her husband live and makes no transcendental of her disapproval. After a warm reunion of the two sisters, Blanche explains that she has taken time out from school, where she is teaching English, because of her upset mental state. Later she further admits that she has lost Belle Reve, their family solid ground in Mississippi. Although Belle Reve slipped through Blanches fingers, she reproaches Stella for not returning to her home to help her with the troubles. When Stanley returns with his friends from the bowling alley, he accepts Blanches presence however, the atmosphere between Blanche and Stanley is tense from the beginning.While Blanche is bathing the next day, Stella tells Stanley about the loss of Belle Reve. He immediately suspects Blanche of having swindled them about the reasons for the loss of the family estate. As a result of Stanleys mistrust the relat ionship between Stanley and Blanche becomes more problematic. The situation even becomes worse when Stanley starts inquiring Blanche about the circumstances for the loss of Belle Reve and by it he discovers a bundle of old love letters, which give notice (of) Blanches marriage to a young man, who finally died. Also Stanley discloses a secret and tells Blanche about Stellas pregnancy.In the next scene Stanley and his friends are contend poker, when Blanche and Stella return from an evening out together. One of them, Mitch, is very politely to Blanche and pays her compliments. Also Blanche notices that he is superior to the others13. In contrast to Mitch, Stanley, who has had already one too many, is not delighted about the appearance of the two women. The situation gets out of hand and Stanley beats pregnant wife. Blanche protectively rushes Stella upstairs, but Stanley begs his wife to return to him. In the end Stella, who is somehow attracted by his animal deportment, forgives h er husband and spends the night with him.As scene four opens, it is the following morning and Stella and Blanche are having a private discussion about Stanley. Blanche can obviously not understand why Stella was insane enough to come back in here after what had happened14and tries to persuade her sister to direct him. She tells her of a millionaire, a former admirer of hers, who surely would give them money to start a new life. Yet Stella makes clear that she is not willing to straggle her husband and embraces Stanley passionately in front of Blanche, when he sees him come in, to demonstrate her loyalty to him. However, both women do not know that Stanley overheard a good deal of what they said before.Over the course of the summer (scene five and six) it becomes clear that Blanche and Mitch have a deep affection for each other. Blanche event entrusts him with details about her brief marriage, which was overshadowed by her husbands homosexuality and his suicide after she had discov ered him in bed with another man. Meanwhile, Stanley makes inquiries about Blanches past and unmasks her distinguished behaviour as hypocrisy. He learns about her numerous one night stands and her affair with a seventeen-year-old boy, which led to her dismissal.Scene seven takes place at Blanches Birthday. Stanley, who is inclination to get rid of his sister-in-law, passes the gathered information on to Mitch, who does not longer wish to marry her since she is not clean enough to bring in the business firm with his mother15. Unlike Mitch, Stella is not impressed by her husbands story. At the beginning she is denying his reproaches but, as the list lengthens, she defends her sister by referring to her tragic marriage. The climate at Blanches birthday dinner (scene eight) is tense and miserable, because Mitch does not show up. The situation reaches its climax when Stanley presents Blanche with a bus ticket back to Laurel. Blanche is insulted and rushes out. At this endorsement Stel la feels her first labour pains and requests to be taken to hospital.Later the same evening (scene nine), Mitch drops by to confront Blanche with the rumours of her past. Finally, she admits her failures but immediately justifies her behaviour by explaining that her forlornness after her husbands death forced her to seek physical affection. After her confession Mitch, who is drunk, tries to rape her, but Blanche manages to kick him out of the apartment.In the accompanying scene Stanley returns fairly cheerful, but drunk, from hospital where Stella is still in labour. At home, he meets Blanche, who is drunk too. Her claim, that she has received a telegram from an oil magnate inviting her on a cruise, is her last attempt to escape into her world of illusions. First Stanley takes the situation with humour until she lies to him about what has happened between her and Mitch. Stanley becomes aggressive and rapes her. This act of violence results in Blanches absolute nervous breakdown. A lthough Blanche informs Stella that her husband has committed a crime, she decides not to leave him since she couldnt believe her story and go on living with Stanley16. At Stanleys request Blanche is admitted to a mental hospital some weeks later (scene eleven). The fact that she believes until the end that she is going on holiday with an admirer (who is actually the doctor) again emphasizes her shitty mental condition. Even though Stella is not completely convinced that it was the right decision to admit her sister to a mental home, she makes no attempt to save it.

Mainstream Media In Malaysia

Mainstream Media In MalaysiaThe mainstream media in Malaysia has continuously been perceived as a key pillar of change for the most of the government policies. Nowadays, media play a role as helping to widespread information content, news show coverage, ideas, whimsys, and entertainment to gigantic audiences. According to the definition, media is specify as a channel that able to transfer messages to reach broad audiences in term of mass communication.Furthermore an array of media is available such as print media, broadcast media, Internet and etc. Print media is a medium by exploitation printed materials to publish the information which is include newspaper, books, magazine, and broachers. In opposite, broadcast media is using electronic to send message that include devices of televisions, radio, CDs, and the other. Lastly, Internet also considered as one of the effective and latest technology that allows users to access to the web in anytime and anywhere you mint. Internet contains emails, webpages, blogs, art, video download and social networking that could reach globally and nationally.As such government moves to use the variety of media to spread 1Malaysia creation around the public and encourage Malaysia citizens to build a peaceful and harmony world. Advertisement is one of the effective ways in promoting, so government chooses to publish by dint of the advert that exert direct and indirect specify to increase the awargonness of Malaysia citizen. Besides, they sens also easily find out to the media content which is related to 1Malaysia concept in webpage, blogs, graphics and video as well. Government highlights the fundamental of 1 Malaysia concept by repeating the publicizing and audiences tend to remember the messages.The goal of 1 Malaysia concept is determination to achieve unity among different races, pietys, beliefs and culture. At the same time, government needs media to approach to citizens and communicate towards the concept of 1 Malaysia. The Malaysia Government has putting much endeavour in promoting the concept by using mainstream media such as playing patriotic songs and Rukun Negara through television and radio. During Merdeka day, newspapers have also published wide play of topic about political and our multi racial country. Those publish materials not only helps to strengthen our national unity, the audiences also affected by the media after they saw the slogans in advertising.As a conclusion, government use mainstream media as a stringy tool to encourage the acceptance of the concept by the citizens of Malaysia. 1 Malaysia concept can be strengthens and dedicate desired outcome.Discussion restrain effect theoryAccording to the Paradigm Shift, media were conceptualized as rarely have powerful and has direct influence towards the audiences. Media might have received effect, but it is indirect influence as audiences always been affected by the pack who surrounding them and vista leaders. T hey can be influenced by variety factors such as individual interpretation, personal status, environment, education and etc. Besides, Lazarsfeld and Hovland also argued that effect of media towards audiences is limited and they dis check over what implied in mass association theory. Lazarsfeld had developed a research study to measure the media influence and proof that media is powerless on shaping public opinion. And this theory is defined as Limited Effect Theory. It shows that there are minority of people were behaving vulnerable and tend to rely on mass media.Lazarsfeld and Hovland try to have better understanding towards media so they developed a media studies. They wish that media could be control well and use it in a proper way. But unfortunately, they realized that media were not as powerful as implied in mass society theory. Lazarsfeld considers in inductive approach which is start from empirical observation and develops a theory. From his research observation argued that if media is powerful, the propaganda is tend to reward and influences the voters candidate choice. And the results shows that majority of people are influences from others who surrounding them more than the media content.Thus, the gate keepers act as the opinion leaders that persuade and lead those opinion pursuit decision. They are the one who interpret the media information care panopticy and share their own view with the others. This also referred as two step flow. Based on this theory, opinion leaders own a characteristic such as active, aggressive, heavy media user and talkative which is usually tend to shape public opinion. In opposite, opinion followers are those who tend to follow.In conclusion, media is powerless in term on influence viewers opinion. For example, we are educated since we are young, so we are able to interpret the message from media and choose what to believe or not to believe. Media is lack powerful to convert viewers mind and beliefs as they got ability to dismember the media content, but not being vulnerable towards the manipulation of media and propaganda. Moreover, viewers also leave alone base on their own different interpretation and influences to select whether to cuss the media. Some of them might receive it differently, some of them might been influenced by their group membership as well.Opinion and viewsFrom my personal opinion, I am being inert for the usage of mainstream media to promote 1 Malaysia concept. Media is able to effect audiences but with limited influences. The influence that occurs is indirectly which is based on individual differences. Government publishes about the important of unity among racial through television, radio, newspaper or Internet, but viewers can choose to receive the information or reject the messages. Promoting 1 Malaysia concept is not only relies on mainstream media to achieve the desired outcome Malaysia government should have to consider individuals from different background, stat us, education and etc.Audiences have been educated since young, so they have held strong beliefs and certain mind set. Mass media is not so easily can change their attitude and behaviors in a short arrest of time. In fact, audiences are not vulnerable or just been force to receive the information from media. They can interpret and analyze, they will also get influenced through the interactive from the others as well. For example, they might receive the message from the 1 Malaysia advertising, but they are influenced by people who are surrounding them.Discussion 2 dispersal of InnovationIn another discussion, I will base on the diffusion of innovation theory which is explained how innovations are introduced and adopted by various communities. This theory was successfully developed by Everett M. Rogers and he extended the two step flow theory. There are 5 stages of info diffusion theory which is including innovators, ahead of time adopters, early majority, late majority and laggards .The adoption process usually begins from innovators. They are people who are knowledgeable well- educated and tends to be aware about certain information from mass media. In this situation, when government use mainstream media to promote about 1 Malaysia concept. Innovators are more aware about the message and interprets based on their own knowledge. They expose to the media content, and understand about the functioning of 1 Malaysia concept. Moreover, they also gained education information towards the advertising such as Rukun Negara or patriotic songs they will be behave more alert and remember the messages.Next, the innovation process will be adopted by a small group of people which is known as early adopters. They are the individual who are interested and try to seek for more details information after they saw the advertising. intimately of the time, people tend to follow when the early adopters adapt to the innovation. In such, early adopters will take some necessary action a fter they exposed to the 1Malaysia advertising or media content. They will try to increase the unity among different races by giving commitment, organizing open house activity or be more aggressive to participate in patriotic events.Besides that, early majority is located in the third stage of process. At the same time they also referred as an opinion leaders. Early majority usually observe and refer to the innovators decision than only make the last decision. They own a characteristic such as active, aggressive, talkative, credibility and etc, so people tend to follow and believe the decision made by early majority when they share their views and opinions. Additionally, early majority always play a role as encourage and influence people in decision making. Based on the 1 Malaysia concept, early majority tend to persuade the opinion followers to believe and accept the the 1 Malaysia concept t that published by Malaysia government. They have the ability to motivate the others and suc cessfully generate the desired objectivity of 1 Malaysia concept. For example, opinion leaders might encourage people to participate themselves in Malaysia patriotic events, and opinion followers will agree and follow his decision.During the fourth stage of innovation process, those opinion followers are tend to believe on the opinion leaders by giving full commitment. Opinion leaders will share their opinion, views, and past experiences to shape the public opinion. In this case, they are usually popular among the group, or an influential people. For example, opinion leaders convey the 1 Malaysia concept and sharing based on his own opinion. What he speck out is trustworthy and credibility, in such peoples are influenced by the opinion leaders and they will support and believe in his decision making.Lastly the end of the adoption process is the laggards. They also referred as the late majority. They can either be very traditional or more isolated in social system, as they not dare t o take the risk and believe the information which is publish in mass media. Compare to the others, they usually take much longer time to adopt innovation and make changes. Based on the usage of mainstream media to promote the 1 Malaysia concepts, they might be the last group of people that try to move on and make changes. For example, they just try to expose and participate themselves in Malaysia patriotic events while the others already joined for many times.http//1malaysia.com.my/my/news_archive/government-to-adopt-moderation-approach-to-promote-global-peace-najib/http//1malaysia.com.my/my/news_archive/najib-urges-media-to-help-promote-moderation/http//transfomasimalaysia.blogspot.com/2011/03/1malaysia-concept-cannot-be.htmlhttp//www.thefreedictionary.com/print+mediahttp//kifah-arifin.blogspot.com/2011/07/ways-to-strengthen-national-unity-among.htmlhttp//www.docstoc.com/docs/2216049/Limited-Effects-Theory-of-Mass-Communicationhttp//www.stanford.edu/class/symbsys205/Diffusion%20of% 20Innovations.htmhttp//www.des.ucdavis.edu/faculty/Richerson/BooksOnline/He19-95.pdfhttp//www.rogerclarke.com/SOS/InnDiff.html.Media manipulation often involves government or corporate propaganda and spin. Sometimes organizations and governments can feed fake news or politically or ideologically slanted stories to broadcasters which depict them as quality news items and journalism.In this way, the media can truly serve as a catalyst for development, he added.patriotic spirito more strongly emphasise national unity and in effect(p) governance. It is a principle that intends to guide and build a united and progressive nation. The concept is aimed at inculcating the spirit of togetherness and a sense of belonging among Malaysians, regardless of race, religion and creed.