Economic Country Analysis For Poland Economics Essay

Economic Country Analysis For Poland Economics Essay 1. Introduction: Today with a GDP of 2,7% (2010 figure projected by European Commission) Poland is one of the fastest growing European economies. The country suffered relatively little from the recent financial crisis in the world markets due to a large internal demand for consumer goods from the growing middle class and low level of household debt compared to its western peers. In addition there has been almost no exposure to sub-prime mortgage product, the country did however suffer from lower demand for its export products. (European Commission, 2009) The Polish state went through a major transformation since it abolished communism in 1989. It joined NATO in 1999, and the European Union in May 2004. With a population of 38.1 million it is the 6th most populated country in the EU. Polands capital is Warsaw and it has a population of around 2 million inhabitants. Poland has an area of 312,678 sq km and is geographically located in the heart of Europe between Germany and Russia. Polands strategic geographic position has been a source of conflicts and for many centuries, currently its attracting foreign direct investment as it is the EUs gateway to the east. (GUS, 2010) Despite steady economic development Poland still has a large development gap to close compared with countries such as Germany or Britain. Currently the GNI per capita is $11,880 (World Bank, 2008). It is expected to join the Euro zone in 2012-2014. Countrys main export products are: foodstuffs, machinery, transportation equipment and chemicals. Polands political situation is stable with a liberal pro reforms government in office. One last thing to keep in mind is that the Catholic Church plays an important role and despite the fact that it is formally separated from the state it does have a large impact on the social policy. The aim of this report is to look at Polands economy from a broad international investors perspective and give some recommendations whether it is a good destination for investment. 2. Factual description Political and social situation The political stage in Poland has been shocked by the crash of the government plane in April 2010 where countrys residing president, Lech Kaczynski, and many prominent politicians have died. Despite the tremendous scale of the tragedy the markets have been largely intact indicating investors confidence in the Polish economy. The political system can be described as a mix of parliamentary and presidential with a somewhat dominant position of the legislative branch. President Kaczynskis death forced a new presidential election where Bronislaw Komorowski, previous speaker of the parliament and a prominent politician of Civic-Platform, came out victorious in the second round having defeated ex-Presidents twin brother and leader of the parliamentary opposition Jaroslaw Kaczynski. Mr Komorowski is closely connected with the center Civic Platform-led government which suggests that the Prime Minister, Donald Tusk, will be more capable of introducing new reforms. Because Poland has traditional had a largely fragmented multiparty system, the current government is a coalition between the above mentioned Civic Platform and PSL. The international investors should welcome recent changes in the political environment both the legislative and executive branch of the government are largely open to friendly political and economic relations with both the EU and its biggest neighbour Russia. Poland is the only EU country to start its recovery without having fallen into recession, and we expect a continued gradual strengthening of growth in 2010-2011. (Eastern European outlook, 2009) Economic structure and growth According to the European Commission, in 2010 Poland will be the fastest developing country in the EU. Strong economic performance should continue throughout 2011 when Poland is expected to remain amongst the fastest growing economies in Europe (Business news, 2010). Nowadays polish economy is well diversified. The traditionally dominant agricultural sector currently contributes 5% of GDP while, it is a large beneficent of the CAP policy and requires major improvements in its production efficiency. The industrial sector of the economy makes up 30% of the GDP. The sector is mainly concentrated around food processing industries, the automotive industry (the biggest brands Deawoo and Fiat) and labor-intensive processes such as textiles and clothing industry. Polands highly educated work force and relatively low labor prices have attracted investment from many international companies. Especially German firms with labor-intensive processes have moved to Poland to benefit from lower wages . Increasing wages are expected to incentivize these firms to move on to other low-wage countries. While this may sound like bad news, the good news is that Poland is now seen as a destination for knowledge intensive businesses with higher profit margins. With one of the largest internal markets in the EU, Poland is a heavyweight both within the region and the Community. Poland has a relatively closed economy, with a relatively well balanced import and export structure slight dominance of imports. Polands GDP growth is expected to reach 2.7% in 2010 and 3.3% in 2011. (such prognoses for Polands economy were presented on May 5th, 2010 by the European Commission) In 2008 unemployment fell to 9.8% (a historic low), but climbed back to 11% in 2009, and remains above the EU average. Inflation for 2008 reached 4.3%, more than the upper limit of the National Bank of Polands target range (3%), but fell to 3.4% in 2009 due to global economic slowdown. If Poland wants to sustain its rapid economic development and attract both development of regional business and foreign investment it needs to address several issues: simplify laws and lower the time required to form new businesses, streamline its rigid labour code, improve the efficiency of its commercial court system. Furthermore, the state has to address the issues of growing spending on the health care and pension systems. These areas cripple the budget and Poland has a budget deficit little beyond 3% of GDP. One of the reasons the state faces these issues is negative population growth and aging society a problem Europe is largely familiar with. (Theodora, 2010) Country Forecast Overview (3 Year) Key Indicators 2009 2010 2011 Real GDP Growth (%) 1.70 3.10 3.40 Consumer Price Inflation (av;%) 3.45 2.50 2.30 Budget Balance (% of GDP) -1.77 -3.00 -2.80 Current-Account Balance (% of GDP) -1.67 -3.00 -3.40 Exchange Rate US$:Euro (av) 3.12 3.12 3.14 Exchange Rate US$:Euro(year-end) 2.85 3.13 3.10 Source: Country Forecast Poland May 2010 Country Forecast Overview (3 Year) Key Indicators 2009 2010 2011 Real GDP Growth (%) 1.70 3.10 3.40 Consumer Price Inflation (av;%) 3.45 2.50 2.30 Budget Balance (% of GDP) -1.77 -3.00 -2.80 Current-Account Balance (% of GDP) -1.67 -3.00 -3.40 Exchange Rate US$:Euro (av) 3.12 3.12 3.14 Exchange Rate US$:Euro(year-end) 2.85 3.13 3.10 Source: Country Forecast Poland May 2010 Year GDP in Billions of USD PPP % GDP Growth 2005 518.00 3.65 2006 567.48 6.27 2007 623.43 6.86 2008 668.58 5.00 2009 688.69 1.70 Source: EIU Country Data 2009 2008 GDP (purchasing power parity) $686.2 billion $678.8 billion GDP per capita (PPP): $17,800 $17,600 Labor force: 16.99 million Unemployment rate: 11% 9.8% Investment (gross fixed): 20.7% of GDP Public debt: 47.5% of GDP 45.2% of GDP Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3.4% 4.2% GDP composition by sector (2009): agriculture: 4.6% industry: 28.1% services: 67.3% Labor force by occupation (2005): agriculture: 17.4% industry: 29.2% services: 53.4% Export / import structure Polands geographical position between the developed Western states and the emerging markets of Eastern Europe (Russia, Ukraine and perhaps Belorussia in the future) makes it a strategic location for exporting industries trying to access high demand consumer markets (Lopez, 2009). Polish main agricultural products are: potatoes, fruits, vegetables, wheat; poultry, eggs, pork. Major industrial sectors are: machine building, iron and steel, coal mining, chemicals, shipbuilding, food processing, glass blowing, beverages, textiles. Polands exports in 2009 (est.) equaled $134.7 billion down from $178.4 billion in 2008. The export structure by products is as follows: machinery and transport equipment 37.8%, intermediate manufactured goods 23.7%, miscellaneous manufactured goods 17.1%, food and live animals 7.6%. The export structure by destination is: Germany 24.9%, France 6.2%, Italy 6%, UK 5.7%, Czech Republic 5.6%, Russia 5.3% (2008) Polands imports in 2009 reached $141.7 billion (est.), significantly below the $204.4 billion for 2008. The imports structure by products is as follows: machinery and transport equipment 38%, intermediate manufactured goods 21%, chemicals 14.8%, minerals, fuels, lubricants, and related materials 9.1%. The imports structure by trading partner is: Germany 28.3%, Russia 9.9%, Italy 6.2%, Netherlands 5.4%, France 4.8%, China 4.5%, Czech Republic 4% (2008) (Source: CIA WorldFactbook, 2010 ) Budget (2009): revenues: $83.68 billion expenditures: $93.47 billion Fiscal policy The direction of fiscal and monetary policies is largely influenced by the European Union and Polands ambition to join the Euro-zone. Adopting of the single currency requires the state to reform the public finance and curb the inflation and budget deficit in line with guidelines of the ERM II. The government had a deadline in mind to join the Euro-zone in 2012 however due to the global financial crisis it has been rumored that the date may be pushed back to 2013-2014. Before this happens Polands constitution needs to be amended and the budget balance has to be brought back to 3% of GDP. (Europa Press releases, 2009) Fight with the fiscal deficit is made difficult by the fact that currently around 66% of the spending is fixed with major portion of the funding going to social security/pension schemes and wages in the public sector. Over the next two years the fiscal deficit is projected to oscillate around 3-4%. On the positive side the government has proposed a tightening of its budget in July 2010 and hopes to benefit from the expected rise in the economic cycle. What may worry potential investors is that the upcoming parliamentary elections will incentivize the government to postpone and budget cuts until it secures a second turn. Another issue is the public debt level. This is especially a hot topic due to the situation in Greece. Polands public debt level has stabilized over past 5 years due to strong economic growth, in 2008 it has slightly exceeded 45% of the GDP and by the end of 2010 should be just below 50% of GDP. While this is still an acceptable level as Maastricht treaty has set the limit at 60%, it should be kept in mind that going beyond 50,55,60% will trigger more strict targets for fiscal restraint. (The Market Oracle, 2009) Monetary policy The main goal behind the monetary policy in Poland is to contain the inflation within the 2.5% +/- 1% target band. The National Bank of Poland has lowered the policy rate from a high of 6% in October 2008 to 3.5% in June 2009 in an attempt to stimulate the economy (Reintje Maasdam, 2009). The gradual appreciation of the Zloty (since March 2010) aids monetary loosening. However, as inflation remains stubbornly high, the NBP is reluctant to cut rates further. Moreover, if the interest-rate differential with the euro zone and Switzerland is narrowed too much, this could push the zloty down again. 2009 and in 2010, the slowing economy will curb wage growth with a disinflationary effect, while the strengthening zloty will also help to keep inflation in check. Inflation is expected to be around 2.5% in 2010. The zloty responded strongly to the risk aversion to Eastern Europe. 3. Analysis of factors influencing the business environment Thanks to largely limited exposure to subprime mortgages, consistent fiscal and monetary policy, large internal market and low level of household debt, Poland was more immune to the turbulence on the world markets than other members of the European Community. Poland was the only state in the EU in 2009 to report a positive economic growth of 1,8% GDP. source: Data from Central Statistical Office  as of  31.05.2010  and Eurostat as of 12.05.2010.   Poland currently is the main recipient of EU cohesion funds, with EU transfers set to reach an annual average of 3.3% of GDP in the coming years (Katarzyna Szulc, 2008). This should allow for major investment in infrastructure including railway, highways and new airports, which will in turn help attract large inward FDI flow. This is all good news for the investors, especially if we keep in mind that there are major investments made due to the preparations for 2012 Euro Cup. Postponing of the adoption of the euro has been seen as a major issue until recently, but now with the events in Greece many people find the polish zloty comforting. Poland has a generally well educated population which allows it to be competitive in more knowledge intensive industries but needs to improve the ease of doing business. It is currently constrained by large bureaucracy and outdated laws governing new business formulation and taxation. Perhaps the legislators need not look as far as Singapore for success stories and benchmarks for best practices but can turn to their Baltic colleagues. Poland Compared to global good practice economy as well as selected economies: Source: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank Washington, D.C.Doing Business 2010, Poland, 2009 Poland has been successively reducing the gap separating it from the 15 old EU countries. In 2000, Polands GDP per capita was USD 4.473 and in 2009 it rose more than four times to reach USD 18.072. Our country has also recorded a stable increase in consumer expenditure at an average annual rate of 5 percent. source: World Economic Outlook Database, October 2009 4. Recommendations and issues for discussion Poland will most likely remain a good destination for investment over the next couple years. While it may perhaps not yield returns as high as less developed countries such as Kazakhstan it is characterized by a much lower risk profile and transparent legal and political systems. Poland is currently a major recipient of EU funding which helps improve the infrastructure and lower the gap between rural and urban areas. Furthermore the Euro 2012 requires an enormous rise of the hospitality and transportation sectors. The even should help promote Poland around the world and lead to an influx of tourists. Poland also benefits from a rising middle class which is a source of high demand for consumer goods. In addition as there will be further growth in the real estate sector as the ratio between the number of dwellings and inhabitants is below EU average. These trends should be strengthened by the planned reductions in the personal income tax.

Rheumatoid Arthritis Essay -- essays research papers

Rheumatoid Arthritis or (RA) is an autoimmune disease that attacks the joints and connective tissue. The result is inflammation that produces permanent damage in the joints. Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic syndrome that tends to be progressive and destructive as compared to Osteoarthritis or (OA), which is more of an age related disease caused by â€Å"wear and tear† of the joints. In contrast to (OA), rheumatoid arthritis is characterized by inflammation mostly of the joints, but is a general body disease. The type of joint that is chronically affected is the synovial joint. The bones that are at a synovial joint are covered by articular cartilage; which reduces friction and absorbs shock. The space between the articulating bones is called the synovial cavity, which is surrounded by an articular capsule. The outer layer of the capsule is called the fibrous capsule and consists of dense irregular connective tissue. The inner layer of the capsule is lined with the synovial membrane, which is composed of areolar connective tissue with elastic fibers and may also contain adipose tissue. In a healthy joint the synovial membrane produces synovial fluid. The fluid not only reduces friction and lubricates the joint, but it also supplies nutrients and removes debris, wastes, and microbes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Rheumatoid arthritis affects twice as many women as it does men. It can develop in child hood, but in most cases it develops between the ages of twenty-five and fifty. Rheumatoid arthritis itself may not be inherited, but what can be inherited are the genes that may make someone more likely to develop the disease including those genes that control the immune system.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Normally the immune system protects your body against foreign proteins like bacteria, fungi, or viruses and it does this by attacking them and producing antibodies. In Rheumatoid arthritis the immune system loses it’s ability to tell the difference between these antigens and the bodies normal cells. The body begins to attack the normal cells by using its plasma cells to produce antibodies called serum rheumatoid factors (RF). The chemical messengers called cytokines control the inflammatory process. One of the key cytokines is called Tumor Necrosis Factor or TNF; which is part of the normal inflammatory process. People with rheumatoid arthritis have been foun... ...neumonitis, bone marrow suppression, and with long term use even malignancy. Treatment also consists of rest and a nutritious diet. Some supplements such as fish or plant oils can be taken to partially relief some of Cavezza 7 the symptoms because they can decrease the production of prostaglandins. Exercise and physiotherapy can restore muscle mass and help preserve the range of motion. This is recommended after the inflammation subsides. Another alternative if or when drugs fail is arthroscopic or surgical synovectomy, which temporarily relieves inflammation. Prosthetic replacement of joints is possible, but this greatly reduces the functionality.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rheumatoid arthritis affects everyone differently. In most patients, joint symptoms develop gradually over several years. In some people, rheumatoid arthritis may progress rapidly. Other people may have rheumatoid arthritis for a limited period of time and then enter a period of remission. More than two million people in the United States alone have rheumatoid arthritis and with research and development of new drugs and gene therapy there may be a clearer picture of a patients future and quality of life.

Global Warming and Water Resources Essay

Climate change is a global problem. Its causes a string of effects but particularly, it affects water resources. As global warming affects the marine ecosystems and as it contributes to the melting of the polar ice caps, mankind is facing a bleaker future. Climate change, also known as global warming or the greenhouse effect is caused by the excessive amounts of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere. These greenhouse gases prevent heat from escaping the atmosphere resulting in a considerable warming of temperature. This phenomenon results in many problems. This greenhouse effect is natural and without it, the Earth would be too cold to sustain the current ecosystem, but the problem is the warming of the planet is reaching very high levels (West, What is the Greenhouse). The melting of the polar ice caps is a major concern especially when talking of global warming. One particular aspect is that the melting of the polar ice caps will result in rising sea levels. According to the National Snow and Ice Data Center, sea levels would rise by as much as 230 feet if all the polar ice caps melted. This will provide a threat to people especially those living near the coastlines (5 Deadliest Effects, 2007). The ice caps are formed from fresh water and the melting of these polar ice caps makes seawater more saline. Thus, it creates an imbalance in the marine ecosystem. In one case, swarms of jellywish invaded the waters near the coastline where they usually do not reside in. A survey by Oceana indicated that they are ten jellyfish for every square meter in some coastal areas in Spain. According to Frances Peters from the Institute of Marine Science in Barcelona, higher water temperature and higher water salinity forces these creatures to move to waters near the coastline (BBC, 2008). The melting of the ice caps also threatens different species of animals in the arctic region. Due to the changes in their natural habitat, some animals in this part of the world may find it hard to adapt to the changes which can ultimately lead to their extinction (5 Deadliest Effects, 2007). Climate change also results in seawater turning into acid. Excess carbon dioxide is absorbed by the sea and when carbon dioxide is mixed with seawater, a weak type of carbonic acid is formed. Erosion provides the waters with a natural buffer to the acid which is the calcium coming from rocks that underwent weathering. However, rising carbon dioxide levels have began to alter this balance. The rising acidity of seawater poses a threat to the thriving marine ecosystems including the corals (Spotts, 2004). A huge portion of the Earth is water and water is a main component of life. If water resources are affected by climate change, thus, all living things would be affected. A disturbance in the balance of marine life as an effect of global warming will affect the world’s food supply since many people rely on fish as food. Coral bleaching results in the fish having no food or shelter (Markey, 2006). Climate change has also resulted in many problems for people such as droughts and floods. These two incidents affect food production. Droughts constitutes in the absence of an irrigation system for the field while floods destroy planted crops. Drinking water also becomes a problem in some extreme cases of droughts (Struck, 2007) Experts indicate that it is not too late to stop global warming. It may be prevented by cutting down on the greenhouse gas emissions which is why the Kyoto Protocol came into existence. The Kyoto Protocol aims to bring down emission levels of countries that have ratified it. The United States refused to ratify the Kyoto Protocol which 178 countries signed on the ground that it will have severe economic effects on the country. Many criticized the administration of George W. Bush for such a response (West, Should the United). Methods of limiting greenhouse gas emissions can be done to curb the problem such as using more environment-friendly means of transportation and resorting to energy sources that produce no greenhouse gas emissions. These can be done by countries to limit their greenhouse gas emissions to comply with the demands of the protocol. Electrcic cars or other alternative vehicles that produce no emissions should be adopted. Using coal to produce electricity should also be put to a halt since it produces huge amounts of carbon dioxide. There are many alternative energy sources aside from fossil fuels such as solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy an hydroelectric energy. All these can produce virtually no amount of greenhouse gases and are even more economical. If every nation would adopt these steps, global warming could easily be stopped and reversed. The challenge here is the transition. It would take great effort to completely change all energy sources to more environment-friendy energy sources. The use of non-fossil-fuel-powered vehicles may also be difficult to adopt since not all people can afford to get a new vehicle at a given time. Adopting these steps eliminate dependence on oil and oil-producing countries. On the other side of the fence, these steps would result in decreased revenues from oil which could render some people jobless. Educating the public would also be an important step to make them more aware. This would not be too hard as a process since the media is now becoming more aware of environmental concerns such as global warming. Politicians are also starting to put attention on the subject. All these steps must start from government efforts since they have the resources and the attention of the public. The steps must be done in large scale proportions. Even little efforts to help decrease greenhouse gas emissions but the cooperation of everyone is needed to really have an effect. Legislating laws to demand compliance would be a viable step.

The title of my essay is Campaign Finance Reform.

The title of my essay is Campaign Finance Reform. Having tight regulations for campaign finances is the best way for running campaign finances. This is true in that it would reduce the corrupting role of unlimited contributions, reduce the effort required to raise funds, but unregulated campaign finances also have their benefits.Firm rules for campaign finances would reduce the corrupting role of unlimited contributions. This would be done by increasing individual contribution limits, so that it would reduce the time candidates spend raising money. Also, it would allow more small donors of money back into politics to voice their opinion. Moreover, it would raise the limit to $3,000, which just alters the $1,000 limit for 25 years of inflation. It would give improved chance for all candidates to get their messages through.Another benefit of having a strict system for campaign finances is that it would reduce the effort required to raise funds. This would cause the candidates to be more concerned with the issues than the money they ha ve to raise.FinancesAlso, this would give candidates opportunities to compete against rich adversary's funding their own campaigns. Likewise, it would make available indispensable responsibility of political campaigners to the electorate. Finally, it would help in reducing large donors in campaigns.However, it does seem that unregulated campaign finance also has its benefits. Such as, soft money would not be banned allowing there to be no corrupting, because it is between a candidate and their political party. Also, it would give challengers the ability to raise the money they need to build up a triumphant campaign. In addition, regulating campaign finances is like restricting the First Amendment for political parties and their candidates. Furthermore, political affairs and political campaigns belong to the people, and not the candidates or the national government.In conclusion, restricted campaign finances are very beneficial in that it diminishes the corrupting role of limitless d onations, decrease the endeavor necessary to increase money for a campaign; however, a loose system for campaign finance also has benefits. Also, a restricted structure for campaign finance would make our political system healthier and better.

computer language essays

computer language essays Everything in this world always changes and develops itself into something better and in some cases worse. One of the fastest changing environments is IT and all of the specific parts that make it up. For example, if a person were to go buy a top of the line, state of the art home computer, it would become obsolete within the month. Not every part of the IT state becomes obsolete that fast, but sooner or later it does. One of the biggest parts of the IT industry is the programming side of the industry. From Fortran, Cobol, C++ and Java, these languages are brought to the top and kept there until they are brought down by another language. In the early years of programming the top dogs of the industry were switched out by Fortran and Cobol. Every developer and programmer used these two dominant programming forces. Today, we see some Fortran and Cobol in the industry, but both languages are slowly becoming scarce. New and improved languages have since replaced the older languag es. Java and C++ each have their own advantages and disadvantages. C++ is viewed as a solid, mature, mainstream tool, and it has widespread industry support making it "good from a business perspective. There are countless numbers of companies and government sites that make use of C++, and the number of C++ developers doubles every year. From a business perspective, C++ has many benefits. First, it has a huge installed base, which means there will be multi vendor support for tools, environments, consulting services, etc. C++ is also becoming standardized, there are American and international groups working closely with each other to develop a standard C++ language. But for now, the defending champion as of right now is C++. From the most modern software developers to the Texas A ...

Health Care Continuum Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Health Care Continuum - Assignment Example The concept is manifest in the application of life support machines for the extreme sick cases. Fayetteville, North Carolina has sufficient long-term care options including outsourcing of the health services. Additionally, the health centers in Fayetteville, North Carolina have acquired sophisticated medical equipment to cater for the long term health care services. The other option the region has is the offering of free guidance and counseling services because some terminal illnesses are caused by ignorance of the patients. The continuity health care services, which will be required in my community, include the provision of diagnostic equipment and proper prescription of drugs in order to promote prompt recuperation. Austine and Wetle’s claim that Mental Health Services are a Combination of Services is true because the delivery of medical services can never be unilateral. The health of a person is complex, thus it requires much attention from the medical practitioners. This initiative requires coordination of many health experts in various specializations. The recuperation of a patient results from concerted effort of more than one medical practitioner. In this regard, the continuum health care requires the service of many health care providers in order to achieve the goals and objectives of the health care sector. The integrated delivery systems ensure sound delivery of continuum health care. The continuum of healthcare ensures that there is integration of medical services in order to achieve efficiency and quality of the healthcare service. The headache of the integrated delivery system is the fragmented American health care system. According to Halloran, and Lowenstein (2010), there is a need for the integration of the health care in order to have a regulated health care system. In this regard, health care resources will be utilized for the welfare of the citizens. Additionally, the integration of the services will allow

Research project - what are the effects of multiple losses on children Essay

Research project - what are the effects of multiple losses on children with special reference to Looked After Children - Essay Example nge of background situations such as abuse, domestic violence, marital breakdown, imprisonment of a parent, poverty and mental illness of a parent and death of one or both parents, that can lead to a child becoming looked after (Richardson and Joughin, 2000, pp.3-4). When these factors are combined, multiple losses occur (Goldman, 2001, pp.28). These multiple losses include, loss of parental care, economic security, and emotional security (Goldman, 2001, pp.28-39). The literature has been found to show many omissions regarding how to tackle the issues of children suffering from multiple losses. These include, strategies that could be used to respond to the needs of LAC experiencing multiple losses in order to minimise its impact on them. The real impact of multiple losses has also been underexplored. To fill the lacunae left by the reviewed literature, a hypothetical research proposal to carry out a primary research ‘exploring the factors that contribute to multiple losses in looked after children and identify the strategies to help these children cope with these losses is put forth in the fourth chapter. This study envisages to apply a qualitative approach enabled by a semi-structured approach to data collection. The sampling method will be purposive and 25 looked after children living in different types of care institutions, who have suffered multiple losses will be interviewed. This project will be an attempt to look into the topic of multiple losses and the effects that these have upon children – paying special attention to the issue of ‘Looked After Children’. One definition of loss is that â€Å"a loss event is anything that causes†¦.harm, excessive risk, inadequate quality and excessive costs† (Latino, pp.45). Hooyman and Kramer stated that, â€Å"losses†¦. always result in deprivation of some kind; in essence, we no longer have someone or something that we used to have† (2006, pp.2). Additionally, the reason why loss matters so much is that